The perspectives of Middle East World to The Crusades and their resist Essay

The perspectives of Middle East World to The Crusades and their resist process - Essay Example For the reason of the resistance, the Muslims started a strong opposing force that was very much objected to the rise of the Christian dominance in the areas of Jerusalem and other cities. In 1095 when the first crusade was held, the Christians focused on the invading the places that they counted important in their history of their religion throughout time. The Muslims in Jerusalem perceived the Christian move as an invasion that was irritating and that needed to be curbed and they raised a force that resisted the impact of the Christian crusaders. When the Christians found that the Muslims had objected to their occupation, they found that they raised a force to advance their occupation and asked for military assistance from their home countries that could help them to conquer the Muslims. On the other hand, the Muslims formed a force that had would help them to oppose the forces of the Christians and reclaim what was almost taken away from them. In the process, there were negative perspective that led to develop an enmity between the two religions within the area and this led to a constant struggle against each other (Claster, 2009). The Muslims perceived the Christians as people who wanted to impose political, economic and social impacts into the culture of the Arabs and the population of the Middle East, which had very different systems in place. The people of Middle East believed that the way the crusaders had influenced the Western Europe could happen to them if they allowed their region to be dominated by the Christians. This made the Muslims to object the move of the Christians to occupy the place they perceived as theirs and made the condition unbearable to them so that the Christians had to devise different ways that occupy the place (Claster, 2009). When some western Christians entered the Middle East, they came as merchants who had a force that threatened the

Social Networking Essay Example for Free

Social Networking Essay The twenty first century is known to be the world of the ‘Internet’; it is the most efficient way to get connected to our friends, relatives and colleagues. Sites such as Facebook have become very common among our youth today and have influenced our modern lives in many aspects. Being enrolled at a school with over 1000 students you begin to notice the reliance that a majority of the students have on Social Networking. As a student myself I have always had an interest in the way people act and the effect that these sites have on both the social and psychological side of us; this led me to the question ‘How often does cyberbulying occur?’ Technology allows all of us immediate access to information, which can greatly benefit our lives1. However, it has also provided some people with the means to exploit the innocent, commit crimes, and inflict injury on others. This technology has allowed some teens to take bullying that thrives in school hallways into cyberspace1. Bullying refers to any kind of aggressive behaviour, which is normally intentional and entails an imbalance of strength or power1. Cyberbulying is also referred to as a social online cruelty which can be described as an intentional aggressive act which is carried out by an individual or a group of individuals against a victim, done repeatedly over a long period of time and sent through electronic contacts1. Research indicates that there are a variety of reasons as to why people bully2, * Cultural causes fascinated with winning, power and violence.2 * Institutional causes the place in which bullying takes place, whether the home, school or workplace is not of high standards for the way people treat each other bullying is more likely to occur.2 * Social issues the fact that one gets more social recognition for negative behaviours than positive one can also contribute to reasons as to why people bully.2 * Family issues families that are not warm and loving and in which feelings are not shared are more likely to have children who bully, either with in the family home or in other locations in which children meet others.2 In relation to why people bully, a survey was conducted from December 2006 till January 2007 by the members of Kids Help Phone which had over 2500 respondents3. This stated that more than 70% of respondents to the survey reported that they have been a victim of cyberbulying, while 44% said they have been the bully themselves. At least 38% reported having experienced cyberbulying within the last three months3. This was a major key finding as it is clearly evident that there are a large number of cyberbulying incidents that occur, considering that there were only 2500 respondents and 70% reported being a victim is a huge thing, not to mention that most cyberbulying incidents are not reported and go un-noticed. Having investigated this further studies show that almost most cyberbulying cases go unreported because a large number of youth and their parents think that cyberbulying is not a big deal4. However, it has been proven that a victim of this type of bullying can lead to serious disorders for the future, including suicide4. This indicates that when one becomes a victim of cyberbulying, they are a victim for life. Though the bullying itself may go away, the fear, the hurt and the memories scar the victim forever. In a survey that was conducted at Mount Gambier High School similar results were found5; 54.5% of students said that they had been a victim of cyberbulying, while 23% said they have bullied someone online. 81.8% say that whilst on these sites they have witnessed cruel behaviour, 33.3% say that they ignore this behaviour when and if it occurs5. This was an important finding as it is apparent that when and if cyberbulying occurs, teenagers who are a witness tend not to do anything about it. This relates to my previous findings because if people did something about the cruel behaviour they witness online, than the victim of bullying statistic (70%)3 wouldn’t be as high as it is. It just goes to show that teenagers have a power that they don’t quite realise nor understand. Cyberbulying is a major concern of young people. In 2010, it was ranked the third highest issue of concern for 11 to 14 year olds6. Over a quarter of this age group indicates it was a major concern, compared with 20% of 15 to 19 year olds and 16% of 20 to 24 year olds6. In an interview with a parent of two teenagers7 (Anonymous), it was evident that technology creates certain challenges for adults who are trying to keep up with the relationship problems among adolescents. It is clear that to an adolescent the primary influence are his/her peers and what they think; while physical assaults or bullying is bad, verbal or the relational aggression can be equally as bad for certain kids. Many adults don’t trust teens these days because they assume that they are engaging in bad behaviours. They believe that it is the teenager’s responsibility to demonstrate to the adults in their lives that they are using technology safely, responsibly, appropriately and for them to sort of take some ownership over that. It’s very important to have a discussion between parents and teens so the adults know that the vast majority of teens are doing the right thing online. On average 11% of teens talk to their parents about incidents of cyberbulying.8 Another interview took place9 with a student at Mount Gambier High school who clearly stated that she believes Social Networking sites such as Facebook are encouraging teenagers to bully, it is giving them more of an opportunity, as on the internet you can practically be whoever you want to be and there is less risk of getting caught. It is common for teenagers to use Social Networking sites such as Facebook to their advantage, having that availability to all those sites give teenagers more freedom with very little boundaries; therefore making it an unsafe place to be. The student said that whilst on these sites you don’t think about the risk factors, it’s more of a spur of the moment thing. She also stated that a majority of the time it’s more for entertainment or a joke without actually realising what effect it could have on a person.9 With this information at hand it is clearly evident that Social Networking sites are definitely encouraging teenagers to bully. Social networking sites encourage people to be more public about their personal lives, intimate details of our lives can be posted so easily and users are prone to bypass the filters they might normally employ when talking about their private lives. Whats more, the things they post remain available indefinitely. Facebook in particular, by far the most popular social networking medium is encouraging the ‘anonymous’ by making it easy and accessible to under 18’s. A Senior Research Associate from the School of Psychology at the University of Adelaide conducted a survey at Mount Gambier High School in 2012 as part of the South Australian Media Use Survey (SAMUS)10. The study employed the best available psychological measures of mental health-related issues; the survey helped the understanding on how youth use media and it’s interaction with mental health. A total of 523 students took part in the study and within that study it showed that 35% of males use the internet to escape from problems compared to 31% of females; male and females do not differ greatly in terms of their preoccupation and difficulty in regulating the use of the internet.10 The vast majority of students at Mount Gambier High School report having at least one close friend with symptoms of a mental health issue in which was connected to Social Networking.10 The known prevalence of depression among adolescents (12-18 years) is about one in five (20%)10. Taking this figure into account, the symptoms profiles across gender were close to the expected norm, although females tended to report more depressive symptoms than boys.10 In conclusion, with the expansion of the internet and social networking technologies cyber-bullying is becoming more common and more severe. The research presented clearly shows that cyberbulying is on an uprise with a majority of teenagers reporting that they have been a victim of cyberbully while the other small portion admitting that they see it happen yet don’t do anything about it. Within my study it was shown that the average school student has at least one friend with symptoms of a mental health issue which is connected to social networking. This research paper is to inform society about what has been going on lately. Cyberbulying is technology powered and will only get worse as technology becomes more widespread; hopefully this paper will help to inform today’s youth and parents. If you see any kind of bullying happening in front of you, stop it if possible, and then report it.

The Fantastical Elements of Lerouxs The Phantom of the Opera Essay exa

The Fantastical Elements of Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera      Ã‚   In Gaston Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera fantastic literature is displayed at its best. Originally published in 1911, this French writer produced one of the most famous novels in French history. Created into a play and a musical produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber, this story has touched millions. However, this transition from a novel to a theatrical performance has caused much of the story to be left out of the production. When viewed in its entirety, the novel exhibits many fantastical elements. Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera meets all of the requirements of fantastic literature. These characteristics do not resemble those of Magical Realism extensively. The novel has many realistic qualities that may mask the fantastic elements. The background and setting are recognizable as a French opera house set in Paris. The characters use familiar, if out dated, dialect. The era in which the story takes place, the late eighteen hundreds, is also very realistic. Horses and carriages are still used as the mode of transportation, the musical pieces sung in the novel are pieces that would be sung at other operas during that time period, and the style of clothing is what would be expected of the era. This base of reality is common to both Magical Realism as well as Fantastic literature. The attitudes of the characters are also very realistic. At the masked ball, the Parisians take part whole heartedly, accepting the idea of masking their identity as the normal ball activity. In today's time, the dressing incognito idea is an unusual one. The characters do not accept the idea of the "Opera Ghost" as a real ghost and many exhibit a disbelief, as they would in rea... ...re into a masterpiece that would be famous for almost one hundred years after its publication date. He also creates a false history of the tale, claiming it can found in any French records, if one only takes the time to look. Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera meets all of the requirements of fantastic literature. Through meeting these requirements of the Fantastic, this work also pulls itself out of the category of Magical Realism. Written in such an eerie tone, and with the horror found in its pages, it is no wonder that The Phantom of the Opera is included as horror or mystery besides its standing as a classical novel. Works Cited Leroux, Gaston. The Phantom of the Opera. New York: Signet Classic, 1987. Todorov, Tzvetan. The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Form. Cleveland: The Press of Case Weston Reserve University, 1973. pp 168-174. The Fantastical Elements of Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera Essay exa The Fantastical Elements of Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera      Ã‚   In Gaston Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera fantastic literature is displayed at its best. Originally published in 1911, this French writer produced one of the most famous novels in French history. Created into a play and a musical produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber, this story has touched millions. However, this transition from a novel to a theatrical performance has caused much of the story to be left out of the production. When viewed in its entirety, the novel exhibits many fantastical elements. Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera meets all of the requirements of fantastic literature. These characteristics do not resemble those of Magical Realism extensively. The novel has many realistic qualities that may mask the fantastic elements. The background and setting are recognizable as a French opera house set in Paris. The characters use familiar, if out dated, dialect. The era in which the story takes place, the late eighteen hundreds, is also very realistic. Horses and carriages are still used as the mode of transportation, the musical pieces sung in the novel are pieces that would be sung at other operas during that time period, and the style of clothing is what would be expected of the era. This base of reality is common to both Magical Realism as well as Fantastic literature. The attitudes of the characters are also very realistic. At the masked ball, the Parisians take part whole heartedly, accepting the idea of masking their identity as the normal ball activity. In today's time, the dressing incognito idea is an unusual one. The characters do not accept the idea of the "Opera Ghost" as a real ghost and many exhibit a disbelief, as they would in rea... ...re into a masterpiece that would be famous for almost one hundred years after its publication date. He also creates a false history of the tale, claiming it can found in any French records, if one only takes the time to look. Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera meets all of the requirements of fantastic literature. Through meeting these requirements of the Fantastic, this work also pulls itself out of the category of Magical Realism. Written in such an eerie tone, and with the horror found in its pages, it is no wonder that The Phantom of the Opera is included as horror or mystery besides its standing as a classical novel. Works Cited Leroux, Gaston. The Phantom of the Opera. New York: Signet Classic, 1987. Todorov, Tzvetan. The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Form. Cleveland: The Press of Case Weston Reserve University, 1973. pp 168-174.

Dracula Extension Speech

From the ability to change physical form to a blood-thirsty nature society has always been morbidly fascinated with the concept of Dracula. It has not only seduced literature such as Bram Stoker’s Dracula but also infected mainstream music and film industries. Many composers have expanded and appropriated much of the vampire genre such as Francis Ford Coppola’s Dracula and Slayer’s Bloodline. The ideas surrounding vampires has been of good versus evil, the nature of religion and immortality.It is due to these notions which allow us to assess the visual and literary techniques, and context of these texts where vampires have long grasped the general population’s interest. Bram Stoker’s Dracula deals with the concept of vampirism in a ‘black and white’ view. The main antagonist is seen as a demonic monster that defied the status quo and attacked the innocent. Stoker purposely uses the technique of writing the novel in first person of every character except for Dracula creating a sense of mystery and foreboding, as the characters and readers themself is uncertain about Dracula’s true nature.However, the reader is hinted that Dracula is characterised as a sinister monster by small occurrences such as his feeding of a young child to the three vampires where Jonathan recounts, ‘there was a gasp and a low wail, as a half-smothered child†¦ I was aghast’. This scene in the early chapters of the book highlights the inhumanity of Dracula where Stoker demonstrates that this character is not only evil but also void of any morals. However in later appropriations, the monster is no longer seen as pure evil, but in fact has the ability to be more humane.In Coppola’s Dracula the opening scenes showcase the creation of Dracula, demonstrating the transition from human to monster. Not only does this allow the audience to understand the existence of this monster but also empathise with this creature, blu rring the lines between good and evil. However the audience is still reminded that Dracula is still an evil monster despite him being given the human capacity of love as he feeds the three vampires a baby and says ‘Yes, I too can love. And I shall love again.    Despite this, Slayer’s Dracula sticks with the original characterisation of Stoker’s Dracula. The imagery that is used throughout Bloodline heavily coincides with the gothic motifs of vampirism such as ‘Blo11od fests’ and supernatural nocturnal manifestations such as ‘Night hides’ and ‘hunting packs. ’ Both Draculas are also void of human emotions and only seek to infect and destroy human lives. This is outlined when Stoker’s Dracula goes to England and attacks the innocent, where he forces Mina to become a vampire ‘flesh of my flesh’ by drinking his own blood as revenge to the slayers.This inhumane nature of Dracula attacking the innocent is al so portrayed throughout the chorus of Bloodline, ‘I'll kill you and your dreams tonight†¦Bleed your death upon me, Let your bloodline feed my youth. ’ Symbolism is a significant link between Stoker’s, Coppola’s and Slayer’s Dracula. Stoker and Slayer’s Dracula represents the anti-Christ, a forbidden entity which engaged readers from the repressed Victorian Era. It is through this symbolism that Dracula is portrayed as a supernatural evil where Stoker’s Dracula is repelled by any holy relics such as the crucifix.The believed ulterior motives of Dracula is made apparent by Slayer’s Dracula as he feels â€Å"Betrayed eternally’ by God and seeks to inflict his pain onto others as he chants ‘‘I’ll rip inside your soul, contaminating the world, defying God and son. ’ This strong inclination demonstrates the extent of how evil Dracula is and that his chosen actions are done to be the twisted paral lel of God’s. In addition, Dracula’s blood consumption in all three texts acts as a perverse parallel of the Holy Communion as it is gruesomely similar to Christian believers who re-enact the ‘drinking’ of Christ’s blood.However Dracula’s strength comes from consuming people’s blood rather than giving it freely, as Renfield suggests, ‘The blood is the life! ’ in an epiphany whilst undertaking his sadistic experiments. This is evident as Stoker’s and Coppola’s Dracula grows stronger as Lucy’s health continues to deteriorate after his feeding on her. However society’s fascination is not based purely on the occult of the vampire but rather the more alluring attribute of being immortal. Stoker’s Dracula represents a creature that does not age nor fall ill, aspects which society today continues to strive to obtain.Thus a time limit is of no great significance to Dracula as he continues his att acks on turning many innocent people into vampires and in turn, inflict the same curse onto them as he states ‘My revenge has just begun! I spread it over centuries and time is on my side. † Similarly, Slayer’s Dracula also deals with the concept of immortality where he also feels the desire to attack innocent people as he states ‘I will live forever†¦ in my veins your eternity. ’ Both these characters are obsessed with turning masses of people into their own kind with the knowledge that immortality comes at a grave rice- a trade up for the soul. This price however is acknowledged by Coppola’s Dracula as he cannot bring himself to completely turn Mina due to his feelings for her. This decision allows the audience to empathise with Dracula as he is given a human emotion of compassion where he cannot bear to let Mina be cursed to live a life of being hated, feared and soulless. This is shown during the scenes when Dracula has cut open his ve in for her to drink but stops her as he exclaims ‘You’ll be cursed as I am†¦I love you too much to condemn you. Thus the concept of immortality is an object of desire by Mina as she yearns to live eternally with Dracula but this resistance by him allows the audience to witness the little ‘good’ that he has and in turn, demonstrates that society’s fascination of immortality should be viewed as a curse rather than blessing. Throughout the analysis of these texts, it is apparent that the key elements of Dracula are good versus evil, the role of religion and immortality.It is due to these elements which capture our interest in the concept of vampirism where we are continually enticed to delve into the darker realms of an occult and explore the concept of immortality. Stoker’s Dracula as well as its appropriations effectively portrays the possessive nature of this character where there is a dependency on people’s blood for life as well as the ease of manipulating victims into giving their life force which accounts for the obsessive fascination of Dracula.

Dr. Roylott Character Analysis

How is Dr Roylott presented to the reader in â€Å"The Speckled Band†? Through out the story, Roylott is overall presented as threatening, dangerous and a intelligent man. This can be identified through his appearance, behaviour and motives, there is also evidence of this personality in the story. Also, Conan Doyle uses various phrases and words to describe him which suggests the man to be dangerous. When describing Dr Roylott ,Conan Doyle uses strong words to mould an image of him in the readers mind to be a horrible person.Phrases such as â€Å"a large face, seared with a thousand wrinkles, burned yellow with the sun, and marked with every evil passion† can suggest a lot of things. † a large face† simply can give the image of quite a large or strong person, this can give the idea that Roylott is towering over everyone else and not someone who loses in physical or vocal arguments due to his threatening and fearsome build. † Seared with a thousand wrin kles† can show a serious and aggressive man and if we were to go deeper on this point, it could therefore show that he may be a man who is impatient and has a short temper.The word â€Å"seared† is normally used when something burns onto something else so when used in this context it adds a feeling of anger to Dr Roylotts character. â€Å"Evil passion† can suggest two things, one is that he is an evil man which can be supported by actions through out the story and â€Å"passion† shows he is someone who is quite relentless and sadistic because passion is often used to describe someone who is dedicated and interested with something. the door had suddenly been dashed open and a huge man had framed himself in the aperture† the words â€Å"suddenly† and â€Å"dashed† shows Roylott to be impatient, selfish and irrespective of others around him. He clearly isn't scared of anyone as â€Å"suddenly† suggests him to be confident about him self as he doesn’t care about any one. â€Å"he has no friends at all save the wandering gypsies† this can show a sense of loneliness and recluse about Roylotts character. This can lead to the reader thinking he may be quite dangerous because if you have no friends you tend to not be a very nice person. Among some other quotes, apart from just being trong and threatening he is portrayed intelligently and slyly. Quotes such as â€Å"He is so cunning that I never knew when I am safe from him† shows as well as being strong and quite psychotic, he is able to keep his thoughts in order and not constantly be aggressive which makes him even more dangerous. â€Å"cunning† is often used to describe foxes and Roylott does not have any resemblance to a fox but this is what makes the quote so effective because it shows the variety of things he is capable of. Also, a quite simple observation of Roylott is he is a Doctor which shows he is intelligent and also supports the fact that he is cunning.In the story, Roylott had beaten his native butler to death and narrowly escaped a capital sentence and this shows a large area of Roylotts character. The fact that he beat his native butler to death obviously shows he is not afraid of killing another human being but the fact that he escaped a capital sentence shows he is important and respected by some and also supports the point that he is intelligent as he's clever enough to escape the sentence. The reason why Dr Roylott murdered Julia was the intention that he would gain money which shows his greediness and the extent he would go to to get what he wants.Also, when he meets Holmes he treats him with hostility and bends a â€Å"steel poker† into a curve and throws it into the fire. He also calls Holmes â€Å"the meddler† and threatens him and tells him to keep out of his business. When he calls him â€Å"the meddler† it may show that although Roylott is intelligent, anger can drown his intelligent out because if he was intelligent he would not call Holmes â€Å"the meddler† and suggests he was up to something and didn’t wants Holmes to know anything about.Generally Dr Roylott is portrayed very negatively and insecure through out the book in a way that the reader will grow to hate him, this creates the ending climax when Roylott is killed by his own crime and wrong intentions. Through out the book his character is slowly revealed to be bold, threatening, intelligent and strong, these merge to create his character and gives more possibility to the mysteries of the main events through out the

Red from Green Essay Example

Red from Green Essay Example Red from Green Essay Red from Green Essay Red from Green by Maile Meloy Being a teenager, growing up, is not easy. There are a lot of things to think about and many feelings to relate to. You have to make some decisions and that is not always easy either, even if they sound easy. A decision could be what to wear for a party or it could be bigger decisions that will have influence on your life. The story, Red from Green, is mainly set on the river and in the woods beside it, where Sam, her father, her uncle Harry and one of her uncles clients called Layton are on a float trip. It is set in July and the weather is hot and sunny. However in the end of the story we are at home with Sam and her father. Sam Turner, the main character in Red from Green, is a fifteen year old girl, who lives alone with her father, because her mother died when she was young. She is going to be a sophomore in the fall and her father gave her the idea of applying to a boarding school, where she has been admitted, but Sam is not completely sure whether she wants to accept the offer or not. It is a very difficult decision for her to make. In the summer she goes on a float trip with her father, Harry and Layton. On this float trip Sam experiences something she has not tried before. Layton shows some interest in her, and that is very new to her and she does not really like it. He is, after all, a grown man. Sams father is absent a few times on the float trip. He leaves Sam alone with Layton, and that gives Layton the possibility to show this interest in Sam. It hurts Sam that her father abandons her, and when they get home, she decides to accept the ffer and go to the boarding school. Sam and her fathers relationship evolve through the story. In the beginning it is okay but they do not really talk that much with each other. Sams father is not really there and he leaves her alone with Layton which she dislikes, and it makes her a bit angry at her father. As the story continues their relationship does not improve much. But in the end of the story, when Sam and her father are home again, their relationship gets better, because when Sam tells her father, that she has accepted the offer from the oarding school, he gets sad because he will miss her a lot when she is not around. When Sam hears this, she regrets her decision a bit, because deep down, she loves her father very much and do not want to leave him alone, like he did to her on the float trip. The theme in Red from Green is growing up. Sam is fifteen and inexperienced. When Layton makes a pass at her it scares her a bit, and that is also why she gets angry at her father for leaving her alone with him. Sam is in a part of her life where, in some cases she is treated like an adult, but in some cases like a child. I think that she still sees herself as a child, because she thinks that it sound very old, that she is going to be a sophomore in the fall. Another theme is Sam and her fathers relationship, and how it evolves through the story. Another thing that develops through the story is her and I think that makes her realise that she is not a little girl anymore. The title of the story, Red from Green, could be referring to Sam. When an apple or tomato ripens it goes from green to red, and from being unripen to become ripen. The same happens with Sam through the story. She goes from being immature and seeing herself as a child to being more mature. In the story Layton catches a fish, and Sams father says that it is too small but still takes it, and put in their cooler. The fish could be symbolising Sam and her father could be alluding that she is too young. But the fact that Sams father takes the fish anyway, could symbolise that he, in a way accepts what Layton does with his daughter. Sam also sleeps alone in a burrow and that could be symbolising that she is already separated from her father. In the beginning of the story Sam relies a lot on her father and lets him take care of things. Sam knew that her father wouldnt tolerate poaching, so she left it for him to take care of. But in the end of the story, she makes her own decisions and relies on herself. Then she went into the house and filled out the final form for the scholarship to boarding school, and in the morning she put it in the mail In the evening, when Sams father makes margaritas for them all, he makes a virgin, without alcohol for Sam, and Layton asks for a virgin too. Here, Layton could be referring to Sam. Sams father was making enchiladas, and chipping ice for margaritas with a pick. He made one without tequila for Sam. Layton asked for a virgin, too In conclusion, Sam is a young girl, who gets more mature, when she experiences a grown man showing interest in her, which makes her realise that she is not a little girl anymore. Sam also finds out, that her father will not always be there for her, and she has to take responsibility for herself and her life. This makes Sam accept the offer she has got from a boarding school, which is a big and difficult decision for her to make.

Thou Blind Mans Mark Essay Example

Thou Blind Mans Mark Essay Example Thou Blind Mans Mark Paper Thou Blind Mans Mark Paper As humans there are two things in life people try to satisfy: their needs and their wants. One’s needs are definite, and easy to number, but wants however are much more complex. More and more fascinating and enticing gadgets are being produced every day, and the desire for these things increases as they increase in number. Necessities can be measured but wishes can be endless. Sometimes what one wants is not even rational, it cannot be attained; yet, they cannot help but yearn for more things in life. The persona in â€Å"Thou Blind Man’s Mark† by Sir Philip Sydney recognizes this plight. Though he knows it is foolish, he can’t help but want; thus his only desire is to kill desire. Stuck with these unsettled feelings, the author personifies desire (evident through his use of thou), and uses apostrophe to let it know exactly how he feels about it. The persona’s disdain for desire is both striking and obvious. The first quatrain in itself is laced with insults such as scum and dregs (line 2), both associated with unpleasant things, causing a displeasing visual image to be painted in the mind of the reader. It also discreetly points out desire’s cruelty as it fools men into wishing they could possess things impossible for them to obtain, it is the target of a blind man, who cannot even see where he is aiming (line 1). He expands on this point through the use of metaphor – cradle of causeless care, web of will (lines 3 and 4); portraying the effect desire has on men. It nurtures caring for people and possessions without reason, and tangles the minds of men. In order to ensure his point is taken home, the speaker emphasizes his point with alliteration evident in his repetitive use of the letter c in line 3 and w in line 4. The second quatrain is a complaint. The speaker describes, with organic images, – mangled mind, worthless ware (line 6) – the strife desire has awarded him, and he is not pleased. One can almost feel the stress he suffers from all because he cannot help but want. He knows desire is worthless, and he is fed up. The magnitude of his enervated feelings is shown through his repetition of the phrase â€Å"too long†. He exhausts the phrase in order to allow the reader to not only read but also experience his exhaustion. Following the trend, the third quatrain bashes desire for the pain it has, in vain, caused the persona. His tone is almost reprimanding, and he definitely blames desire for several woes. It sought his ruin, and caused him to ache for pointless things, all in vain. He recognized the vanity found in desire; thus, he learned a better lesson from virtue – desire must be killed. His conclusion, found in the couplet, is the epitome of irony. The entire poem discusses the problem with desire; yet, it ends with one – the desire to kill desire. At first glance, this is a likely decision, it makes sense. Sometimes one has to fight fire with fire, or in this case desire with desire, but there is more to this sentence than a likely conclusion. Though it seems to be a paradox, it in fact reinforces an important theme found in the poem. The persona struggled with scorn for desire throughout the entire work; yet, in the end, he still needs it. This reveals one very powerful message – desire cannot be escaped.

The Plant Life Cycle for Kids

The Plant Life Cycle for Kids Plants have a life cycle, just like humans and other animals. The plant life cycle describes the stages the plant goes through from the beginning of its life until the end, when the process starts all over again. Seeds The life cycle of a plant begins with a seed. (Some non-flowering plants, such as ferns, begin with spores.) You are probably familiar with seeds and may have even eaten a few, such as sunflower or pumpkins seeds. A seed has a protective coating called the shell. The shell contains everything needed to start a new plant. Inside the seed coating is an embryo, which will become the new plant, and the endosperm, which provides the nutrients for the embryo. Seeds are dispersed, or spread, in a variety of ways. Some are blown by the wind. Others float on water. Still others are carried by birds, bees, other insects, or on the fur of animals. Some are even eaten by animals and spread through their waste. And, of course, humans plant seeds for their fruit or to make their lawns attractive. Once a seed reaches its destination, the next stage of the life cycle begins. Germination Seeds need four things to grow: oxygen, moisture, sunlight, and the right temperature. When the proper conditions are met for the seed, it will begin to sprout. The roots push their way through the seed coating and begin growing into the soil. This process is called germination. Seedlings A small, fragile young plant called a seedling will then poke its way out of the ground and start growing towards the sunlight. The seedling gets many of the nutrients it needs to grow from the soil through its roots. The seedling also gets nutrients from the sun. A plant’s leaves contain a green pigment called chlorophyll. This pigment uses sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce energy for the plant in a process called photosynthesis.   Adult Plant Photosynthesis helps the seedling grow into a mature plant. The mature plant produces flowers, which ensure that the life cycle continues. A mature plant has leaves, roots, and a stem. The roots extract nutrients and water from the soil. These are carried to the plant by the stem, which also serves to support the plant. The leaves create energy through photosynthesis. The flower is the part of a plant needed for reproduction. It is made up of many different parts. The petals are usually bright and colorful for attracting insects to help with the pollination process. The stamen is the part of the plant that produces pollen. Pollen is a powdery substance, often yellow, that contains half of the genetic material needed to create a new plant.   The stigma is the part of the flower the receives the pollen. It contains the ovules of the plant. The ovules will become seeds when they are fertilized by the pollen. Pollination The process of getting the pollen from the stamen of one plant to the stigma of another is called pollination. Pollen may be carried by the wind, but it is often transported from one flower to another by insects. Some types of bats even help with the pollination process. Bees, butterflies, and other insects (or bats)  are attracted to flowers by the colorful petals. The insects drink the nectar (a sweet liquid)  that flowering plants produce. While the insect crawls around the plant drinking the nectar, it gets pollen on its legs and body. When the insect flies to another plant to drink more nectar, some of the pollen from the first plant is deposited onto the second plant. Remember, pollen contains half of the genetic material needed to produce a new plant. The ovules, located in the stigma, contain the other half. When the pollen reaches the ovules of a plant, they are fertilized and become seeds. Then, the plants fertilized seeds are dispersed by wind, water, or animals, and the whole process begins again.

Visual Literacy in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Visual Literacy in Business - Essay Example These are important to me because the target audience must be considered so as, for example, to capture and hold the attention of men, women or youth. The importance of purpose is that it will define the overall goal of creating the image, which must be reasonably easy to understand but still deliver the intended message and create a desire to take action. Purpose is complemented by context because context entails background information that will enable viewers to analyze and understand the image. In turn, this makes arrangement important because it will determine how text, graphics and images are placed in the advertisement. Then, location will have its significance in the sense that where the advertisement is placed matters. One concept that I would like to explore further is context. This is because if the advertisement does not give sufficient and relevant background information, it may not serve its purpose because the viewers will not be able to analyze what is being communicat ed and, therefore, not take any action (Elkins,

Social Media Application Program Interfaces Assignment

Social Media Application Program Interfaces - Assignment Example The emergence of the World Wide Web has made it possible to reach a large number of people from all over the globe with the simple touch of a button. As a result the social media came into existence which can be described as a virtual platform where individuals can interact with one another as well as seek or give information on various subject matters (Jacobson, Woods & Brail, 2011). The social media application interfaces were created in order to exploit this market segment. An API (Application Program Interface) can be described as a technological platform that allows different software components/programs to run in harmony with one another allowing for a type of connection to be made between them that allows for the sharing of information (Benslimane, Schahram & Amit, 2008). The social media application programs that have been developed have been designed in order to allow the different major social networking sites to run in harmony with one another. The development of these pro grams have allowed for the provision of a number of API services that are available to marketers who are interested in using the social media as a platform for the promotion of their products (Evans & Mckee, 2010). ...and some of more preferential ones that can be used for marketing purposes include: Sharing Features Photographs from one site can be shared onto another site by an individual and this can be said to be one of the most popular features of social media application program interfaces (Evans & Mckee, 2010). For example, a marketer is able to post a picture on their website and provide an option that allows for an individual to share the same photo onto their Facebook page. Information such as news items can also be shared in a similar manner where instead of a photo being reposted, an individual is able to post the link to whatever particular story he wants to share with others (Jacobson, Woods & Brail, 2011). The main reason for using this service would be to reduce the amount of work that a marketer has to do through the creation of such shortcuts where they are not only able to share things on other social networks faster and more easily (Benslimane, Schahram & Amit, 2008). The feature also encourages individuals to help with the marketing through providing them with the share option. Embedding This is a process that has similarities to that of the share feature and can be said to be slowly fading from the scene (Evans & Mckee, 2010). It still has its advantages however as one is able to embed any content they desire to share to the profile of a social media site making it accessible to everyone.

Career Zone Interest Profiler Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Career Zone Interest Profiler - Assignment Example Managers, education programs or rather career related programs must never use the results as a screening process for training or jobs. Generally, from the Interest Profiler results I obtained, I can comment that most of the jobs I have an interest on have the code EC. This code often implies personalities who in most instances have an interest on Enterprising. In addition, it also implies people with a higher preference on Convectional environments. Furthermore, this code implies individuals who value independence a lot with inclusion of proper working conditions for their occupations (Career Zone California). Actually, a keen evaluation of my results provides various other codes such as the ERI, CES, and ESC among others. These codes relate a lot to the most common code (the EC) particularly with regards to having a greater value on independence. Further, my results portray that I have I great interest on managerial positions, for instance, Architectural and Engineering Managers, Loan Officers, Information Technology Project Managers, Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Directors, Supply Chain Managers, etc. This is particularly because of the fact that most of my job preferences have established that I have a greater Convectional interest and most of my preferences relate to Enterprising, Investigative, Social or Realistic environments (Career Zone California). Moreover, the results show that most of my interests are business oriented, particularly with regards to controlling, coordinating as well as the managing of business

Death of a salesman- willy recalls his sons teenage years as fruitfull Essay

Death of a salesman- willy recalls his sons teenage years as fruitfull and charming. what evindence canwe find to show that the - Essay Example The form of illusion highlighted here may be termed as self-deception. Though Willy himself was never a big success and even at the age of sixty he had to borrow money from Charley to pay his bills, he is inquisitive and critical of his son Biff. Willy was critical of the fact that Biff has not yet â€Å"found himself† which was a disgrace. He seems to be oblivious to the fact that even he was not half as successful as Biff at that age. When Linda tells him not to be too critical of Biff since he admires him, Willy tells her, â€Å"I simply asked him if he was making any money. Is that a criticism?" (Miller 7) This shows his over consciousness regarding money matters and a reader who is not introduced to Willy’s state of mind and existence would think that he was perhaps a very successful businessman himself. This reflects a very significant symptom of the disease - confusion and illusions that lead to unorganized thinking. In fact he is to a large extent responsible f or his sons’ (Biff and Happy) immaturity and slow emotional development as he pampers them during their teenage years and tells them the importance of appearance over substance showing them the dreams of high promises held by their future. He recalls that Biff had a promising teenage but he lost many opportunities and hence could not make anything out of life. This also reveals his evasion from admitting that he is failure as a father. Biff has grown up admiring his father more by his words than actions. He has not been a successful student and failed in Math. Bernard, the son of Willy’s friend Charlie has always been a good grade achiever but according to Willy Charlie is not well liked like himself and following the same Biff responds to his father’s query about Willy’s popularity, saying that he is liked but not â€Å"well liked†. Willy even brags to his wife, saying that even though Bernard, the son of his friend gets good grades in schools, he cannot grow into a successful businessman unlike Biff and Happy. Willy’s comments at this juncture is worth taking a deeper reading, â€Å"Bernard can get the best marks in school, y’understand, but when he gets out in the business world, y’understand, you are going to be five times ahead of him. That’s why I thank Almighty God you’re both built like Adonises. Because the man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want. You take me, for instance. I never have to wait in line to see a buyer.† (Miller 21) The above lines expresses his self boasting nature and setting a wrong example in front of his son Biff who ends up idolizing his father and following the wrong way. Staying around his father with a doting wife his sons cannot see his faults and all they end up learning is to give importance to appearance. Biff who has grown up with the habi t of a Kleptomaniac never faces his father’s disapproval when he lies about borrowing the things which he actually ends up stealing. When Willy tells Biff to study, the latter shows him the emblem of his University of Virginia he created on his sneakers. Bernard points out that those sneakers cannot obtain good grades for him. He also says, â€Å"I heard Mr. Birnbaum say that if you don’t start studyin’ math he’s gonna flunk you, and you won’t graduate. I heard him!† (Miller 20) Finally Willy ends up shunning away Bernard saying, â€Å"

Health and Human Services Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health and Human Services - Assignment Example The following denotes factual data on the racial and ethnic disparities in the US health and human services sector: †¢ Prior to 1994, the medical enrollment database only enlisted existing races as white, black, and other or unknown (Academic Journal, Sequist and Schneider 2006, pp. 1455). †¢ Over 50% of African Americans don’t receive appropriate key medical procedures relative to whites (Report, Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care 2009, pp. 2) †¢ Between the years of 200 and 2008, the percentage of dialysis patients increased overall, but blacks and Hispanics were less likely to be registered on waiting lists relative to whites (Government, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2012). †¢ Over the years, health services providers have both intentionally and unintentionally communicated lower expectations for patients in disadvantaged racial and ethnic positions (Academic Journal, Sequist and Schneider 2006, pp. 1456). †¢ In 2009, Blacks and Hispanics were the least likely to receive to receive medical attention on diabetes relative to whites (Government, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2012). †¢ 66% of young non-Hispanic white adults aged between the ages of 20 – 29 are twice as likely to get private health insurance coverage as Hispanics, who stand at only 33% (Report, Cohen and Bloom 2011). †¢ In 2007, Blacks made up almost half of the patients suffering from HIV/AIDS, despite being just 13% of the US population (Government, 2010).

Death of a salesman- willy recalls his sons teenage years as fruitfull Essay

Death of a salesman- willy recalls his sons teenage years as fruitfull and charming. what evindence canwe find to show that the - Essay Example The form of illusion highlighted here may be termed as self-deception. Though Willy himself was never a big success and even at the age of sixty he had to borrow money from Charley to pay his bills, he is inquisitive and critical of his son Biff. Willy was critical of the fact that Biff has not yet â€Å"found himself† which was a disgrace. He seems to be oblivious to the fact that even he was not half as successful as Biff at that age. When Linda tells him not to be too critical of Biff since he admires him, Willy tells her, â€Å"I simply asked him if he was making any money. Is that a criticism?" (Miller 7) This shows his over consciousness regarding money matters and a reader who is not introduced to Willy’s state of mind and existence would think that he was perhaps a very successful businessman himself. This reflects a very significant symptom of the disease - confusion and illusions that lead to unorganized thinking. In fact he is to a large extent responsible f or his sons’ (Biff and Happy) immaturity and slow emotional development as he pampers them during their teenage years and tells them the importance of appearance over substance showing them the dreams of high promises held by their future. He recalls that Biff had a promising teenage but he lost many opportunities and hence could not make anything out of life. This also reveals his evasion from admitting that he is failure as a father. Biff has grown up admiring his father more by his words than actions. He has not been a successful student and failed in Math. Bernard, the son of Willy’s friend Charlie has always been a good grade achiever but according to Willy Charlie is not well liked like himself and following the same Biff responds to his father’s query about Willy’s popularity, saying that he is liked but not â€Å"well liked†. Willy even brags to his wife, saying that even though Bernard, the son of his friend gets good grades in schools, he cannot grow into a successful businessman unlike Biff and Happy. Willy’s comments at this juncture is worth taking a deeper reading, â€Å"Bernard can get the best marks in school, y’understand, but when he gets out in the business world, y’understand, you are going to be five times ahead of him. That’s why I thank Almighty God you’re both built like Adonises. Because the man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want. You take me, for instance. I never have to wait in line to see a buyer.† (Miller 21) The above lines expresses his self boasting nature and setting a wrong example in front of his son Biff who ends up idolizing his father and following the wrong way. Staying around his father with a doting wife his sons cannot see his faults and all they end up learning is to give importance to appearance. Biff who has grown up with the habi t of a Kleptomaniac never faces his father’s disapproval when he lies about borrowing the things which he actually ends up stealing. When Willy tells Biff to study, the latter shows him the emblem of his University of Virginia he created on his sneakers. Bernard points out that those sneakers cannot obtain good grades for him. He also says, â€Å"I heard Mr. Birnbaum say that if you don’t start studyin’ math he’s gonna flunk you, and you won’t graduate. I heard him!† (Miller 20) Finally Willy ends up shunning away Bernard saying, â€Å"

Epidemiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Epidemiology - Essay Example In contrast, absolute measures, computed as a difference rather than a ratio, produce estimates with quite different interpretations. a) The type of misclassification portrayed in this case study is non- differential and random. The same misclassification occurs in the same proportion in each group. The percentage unto which the cases were underestimated is the same percentage, which the controls were over estimated. These leads to an underestimation of the true association hence the true association cannot be established. A relative risk ratio of more than one indicates that the occurrence of the event at hand is more likely to the experimental group than the control group. This misclassification reduced the relative risk ratio hence reducing the likelihood of the event occurring to the experimental group. This means underestimating the true association. b. Outcome variables of a study are measurements of population’s current status which might include mean, mode and median of continuous counts of measurements for example radio frequency exposure in megahertz, age, duration of exposure of radiation in hours and type of phone used. c. Study factors (exposures): cellular phone calls radio frequency measure by the kind of phone used, the duration of use and the ear use to receive the call. The second factor is brain tumor measured by anatomical area of the tumor. 2. a. The participation rate in this study is the percentage of the total number targeted that participated in the study =2899/3234*100=89.64%. The high participation rate is one of the characteristic of a good epidemiologic study. This implies that the results of the study are highly representative of the actual population. b. Response rate in survey research refers to the ratio of number of people who answered the survey divided by the number of people in the sample. It is usually expressed in the form of a

Promotional and Advertising Strategies Essay Example for Free

Promotional and Advertising Strategies Essay The author comes from Iran, with an ideological and religious fanatic government which owns and controls all of economical and industrial activities with an armed to teeth minority. In such countries they can produce and sell any low quality with any prices that they want, and actually customers have not many choices, and almost all of promotional techniques and strategies are meaningless! So here we are talking about free trade and free market countries like US. This paper review and scrutiny the circumstances surrounding the promotional and advertising Strategies for two automotive companies: TOYATA and HUNDAI. The author is very curious about those companies, because HUNDAI (1967) began car production almost 32 years after TOYOTA (1935)! But now, in all aspects both companies are equal in quality, branding, marketing, price and customer service, even HUNDAI is further! HMC (Hyundai Motor Company) was unknown brand with low quality and cheap price cars, but after it came in the US market converted its products to high quality and luxury quickly and stealing loyal customers away from many industry pioneers! But how was this late-moving car maker able to gain an advantage in this extremely competitive market? (Graf B, 2013) Introduction Definition of Advertising: The term â€Å"Advertising† first appeared in the 17th century. It has its root in the Latin word â€Å"advertere,† which means, â€Å"to make people notice or know. † It can be roughly explained as â€Å"to extensively notify the public. † According to the Dictionary of Chinese Etymology, the Chinese definition of advertising means, â€Å"openly announce to the public,† with the annotation of â€Å"such as putting up notices or publishing advertisements in newspapers. † (Yan Boqin, 1978) Definition of Marketing: â€Å"Marketing† is an economic term meaning promotion and distribution. Originally applied in agriculture, it drew more and more attention after the 19th century and spread rapidly. From economic, social, business and customers’ angles, the property of its definition can be determined (Li Zongru, 2004). For highlighting the brand in the eyes of public and attracting new customers, product promotion is one of the essentials. There are many channels to promote a product or service. Successful promotions strongly depends on believe and culture of people, style of living, income level, government policies and economical and industrial infrastructures. Some firms use multiple methods, while others may use different methods for various marketing purposes. Irrespective of the type of service or product, a strong group of promotional strategies can help position the company in a favorable light with not only current customers but new ones as well. The following are top ten promotional strategies: â€Å"1- Contests, 2-Social Media, 3-Mail Order Marketing 4-Product Giveaways, 5-Point-of-Sale Promotion and End-Cap Marketing, 6-Customer Referral Incentive Program, 7-Causes and Charity, 8-Branded Promotional Gifts, 9-Customer Appreciation Events, 10-After-Sale Customer Surveys† (Carl Hose. 2014; Small businesses; Retrieved December 2, 2014 from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/top-ten-promotional-strategies-10193. html) Comparing the promotional strategies used by Toyota and Hyundai for a similar product Today almost all of carmakers have a lot of experiences and they have access to modern and new technologies. So they can produce good quality and good design cars and also offer good services to customers, especially in US, there is no way to sell any products with low quality and low customer service. In result the best promotional strategies are those that involve culture, attitudes and beliefs of the people. The following are some examples of such strategies. Green Environment: Increasing public awareness about environmental protection, governments forced to implement hard regulation and criteria for automobile firms. Toyota published on its website: 1. Diversifying energy sources: â€Å"Toyota is developing various new technologies from the perspective of energy saving and diversifying energy sources. Environment has been first and most important issue in priorities of Toyota and working toward creating a prosperous society and clean world. † 2. Fuel Cell: â€Å"By generating electricity from hydrogen, Toyotas fuel cell vehicles are not only environmentally friendly theyre also highly energy efficient. With such eco-friendly characteristics, Fuel Cell Vehicles are the next step toward achieving sustainable mobility. † 3. Plug-In Hybrid: â€Å"Introducing the next step for eco-friendly cars; a combination of the proven engineering of current hybrids with home recharging. It has an increased electric range and produces lower emissions. † 4. Measuring environmental issues surrounding vehicles: â€Å"For more improvements in efficiency, Toyota proactively manages power train efficiency, reduces vehicle load, and controls energy management by integration of fuel-saving technologies such as charge control, idling stop, etc. † 5. Various vehicles: â€Å"Along with our emphasis of conventional vehicles and hybrid vehicles as fundamental core technology while pursuing further advancement. † 6. Alternative fuels: â€Å"Based on these core technologies, Toyota will develop next-generation vehicles utilizing alternative fuels such as gas fuel, electricity and hydrogen. † (Retrieved December 2, 2014 from http://www. toyota-global. com/innovation/environmental _technology/) Hyundai published on its website: 1. Blue Drive: Our Blue Drive ® technology gives you lower pollution and higher performance. Blue Drive is a philosophy that guides Hyundai in its effort to become the automotive leader in sustainability. Its helped focus our engineers and designers on creating lighter vehicles, developing more efficient power trains and even inventing proprietary hybrid technologies. 2. Plug-in and zero-emission: In the future, Blue Drive will expand to include plug-in hybrid vehicles, zero-emission electric vehicles and fuel-cell vehicles that run entirely on hydrogen. Their only emission is water. 3. Electric hybrid: Hyundai introduced the first electric hybrid with electrifying performance. Our engineers have invented the industrys most advanced hybrid vehicle. 4. New battery: Unlike other hybrids on the market, ours uses a patented Lithium Polymer battery. It has 40% less volume; its 25% lighter and 10% more efficient. The battery also has a longer life-span-it comes with a lifetime warranty guarantee. So you can feel good about preserving the environment for the life of your vehicle. (Retrieved December 2, 2014 from https://www. hyundaiusa. com/new-thinking/environment. aspx) Slogan: â€Å"An advertising slogan is usually a short tagline – less than five words that tells potential customers the benefits they can expect when choosing your product or service, or establishes your company brand. † (Kristen Hamlin, 2014; Retrieved December 2, 2014 from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/ importance-ad-slogans-31343. html) 1. Toyotas ownership slogans: marketing efforts in North America have focused on emphasizing the positive experiences of ownership and vehicle quality. The ownership experience has been targeted in slogans such as You asked for it! You got it! (1975–1979); Oh, what a feeling! (1979 – September 1985, in the US); Who could ask for anything more? (September 1985 – 1989); I love what you do for me, Toyota! (1989–1997); Everyday (1997–2001); Get the feeling! (2001–2004); Moving Forward (2004–2012); and Lets Go Places (2012–present). 2. Hyundai’s Brand slogan: â€Å"NEW THINKING. NEW POSSIBILITIES. †; reflects the will of Hyundai Motor Company to create new possibilities to benefit the world and its people by encouraging and developing new thinking. All members of Hyundai have the brand slogan deeply engraved in their hearts as they move forward in their effort to provide new values and experiences desired by today’s customers through innovative ways that are unique to the brand, driven by new thinking about customers and cars. ( Retrieved December 3, 2014 from http://worldwide . hyundai. com/WW/Corporate/Corporate Information/BrandSlogan/index. html) New Compact Vehicle Strategy: According to the Ford India President, compact car sales are expected to double by 2018 from around one million units in 2013. This surge in demand in expected to be fueled by rising disposable incomes in the second most populous country in the world, and also owing to the increasing demand for fuel-efficient smaller cars due to rising fuel prices. ( Trefis Team ,2014. Retrieved December 3, 2014 from http://www. forbes.com/sites /greatspeculations/2014/06/13/tata-motors-looks-to-improve-passenger-car-sales-by-penetrating-the-compact-segment/) 1. Toyota: The automobile market in emerging markets is growing each year in tandem with the economic growth of each country. Within those markets, there has been marked growth in the sales of compact vehicles, so Toyota is promoting a new compact vehicle strategy that emphasizes the compact vehicle lineup and seeks to meet the needs of consumers in emerging markets. 2. Hyundai: The South Korean automaker ranked seventh among mass-market brands in the this years U. S. Initial Quality Study by J. D. Power and Associates, topping such brands as Toyota, Infiniti, Audi and Lincoln. Hyundais Accent compact and Elantra small car were named among the top three cars in their segments. (Hans Greimel, 2011. Retrieved December 2, 2014 from http://www. autonews. com/article /20101206/RETAIL03/ 312069982/hyundai-plans-new-brand-strategy) Financial Services Strategy: Every year, millions of people around the world transition out of poverty in any number of ways—by adopting new farming technologies, investing in new business opportunities, or finding new jobs, for example. Effective tools for saving, sending, and borrowing money and mitigating financial risks can help people weather setbacks and achieve greater financial stability over the long term. (Retrieved December 4, 2014 from http://www. gatesfoundation. org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Financial-Services-for-the-Poor) 1. Toyota: Toyota Financial Services has constructed a global network that covers approximately 90% of the markets in which Toyota sells its vehicles. Mainly concentrated on auto loans, leases and Toyota dealer floor plan requirements, TFS provides auto sales financing to approximately 5. 4 million customers. Thus effectively helping them in making their own cars more affordable to their potential consumers all around the world. Again being a strategy that helps them a stronger competitor in the market. 2. Hyundai: Through our service brands, Hyundai Motor Finance and Kia Motors Finance, we provide financial products tailored to meet the needs of Hyundai and Kia dealerships nationwide, including dealer inventory and facility financing. And, through these dealerships, we provide indirect vehicle financing and leasing solutions to over 1 million retail customers. Our subsidiary, Hyundai Protection Plan, Inc.offers vehicle service contracts and other vehicle protection products under the Hyundai Protection Plan and Power Protect brands. (Retrieved December 2, 2014 from http://www. Hyundaicapital america. com/hca. aspx) Two uses for consumer-oriented promotions that could assist a company in both the short and long term for the carmaker companies What are consumer-oriented sales promotions? There are two points of view: 1- Retail Promotions consist of inducements offered by retailers to consumers includes retail coupons, price discounts, double coupons, special displays, features etc. 2- Consumer Promotions consist of inducements offered by manufacturers to consumers includes manufacturer’s premiums, bonus packs, coupons, samples, rebates, etc. There are some reasons for the importance of the sales promotion. First, the growth of retailer power in distribution channels has led to an excess in consumer promotions. Sometimes, manufacturers make special offers to consumers because a powerful retailer insisted that they do so. Another time, as a way of neutralizing retailer power by intensification the bonds of loyalty consumers may feel toward the brand. Either way, retailers frequently serve as the driving force behind consumer promotions. Second, the type of competition has converted significantly during recent years resulting in ever greater consumer price sensitivity. The growing of brands and brand extensions, intensity segmented consumer markets, and lower brand loyalty have combined to make consumers much more aware of price given that many product categories are populated by several competitors. Third, price deals have become the rule rather than the exception for many products. Rebates on certain brands of automobiles, department store sales, and coupons on many grocery items are only a few areas where consumers have grown to expect price breaks. Indeed, the expectation is more than, when possible, many consumers will wait for promotional offers rather than buy with no deal. Fourth, advertising clutter has forced marketers to find new ways of getting consumer attention. Product benefits alone frequently prove insufficient to prompt consumer action much less get their attention. Thus, marketers increasingly look to sales promotion to find ways of breaking through to customers who face a constant bombardment of promotional messages. Eventually increasing of consumer promotion can also be attributed to more pressure on marketing management for short-term results. Investors want to immediate bottom-line results rather than the long-term health or stability of the companies in which they invest. Sales promotions are tools to increase near term sales. However, as their use becomes more common, their costs become regular and recurring and therefore potentially self-defeating. (Retrieved December 5, 2014 from www. udayton. edu/ /Consumer%2520Promotion. p) The strategic manner in which the leading car company has made its pricing decisions by using one or more of the four pricing objectives â€Å"The four Ps of marketing is the combination of product, price, place (distribution), and promotion. Marketers develop strategies around these four areas in marketing to enhance branding, sales, and profitability. â€Å" (Ross Gittell, 2014, Retrieved December 5, 2014 from http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/3157? e=gittell_1. 0-ch06_s02#). Price is the only revenue generating element amongst the 4ps, the rest being cost centers. Pricing objectives or goals give the company direction to the whole pricing process and consider the following: 1- Survival; 2- Get competitive advantage; 3- Financial, marketing, and strategic objectives of the company; 4- Enhance image of the firm, product or brand; 5- Hold price leadership; 6- Increase market share; 7- Consumer price point and elasticity; 8- Available resources; 9- Catch target of return of investment and sales; 10- Prevent new entrants; 11- Match competitors prices. Toyota gets credit for being the most known brand on the market; however the Corolla comes up nowhere in the competitor charts in terms of price, model distinction, or performance (TrueTrends, 2012). Providing a competitive advantage for the Corolla requires differentiating the car in pricing, quality, service, innovation, brand, convenience, and anywhere else that makes it more desirable over its competition (McCrimmon, 2008). How Toyota as a leading company can offer lowest prices? i. e. $89 a month for lease! The answer is: by maintaining its lowest costs. Along with differentiation Toyota also uses low cost to try and gain a competitive advantage in the automotive industry. â€Å"Toyota is (or was at the time) the low cost producer in the industry. Toyota achieves its cost leadership strategy by adopting lean production, careful choice and control of suppliers, efficient distribution, and low servicing costs from a quality product. †(Michael E. Porter, 2013) This quote from Michael Porter sums up how Toyota achieves this low cost strategy. Through research, it is evident that Toyota is still the low cost leader in the automotive industry. Societal trends have moved away from an individualistic culture—which identified social status and hierarchy based on material possessions—to an environmentally aware society (Grewal Levy, 2012). With consumers’ minds wrapped around things like fuel mileage, cleaner emissions, and hybrid technology we find them moving further away from SUVs and trucks (Farooq, 2012). However, the 2013 Corolla is foreshadowed to be outshined by the Dodge Dart, as it loses some of its competitive edge in pricing and other award winning features (TrueTrends, 2012). By 2012 Toyota is planning to have more than 20 models that use batteries to extend fuel economy just like their Prius (Krolicki). Although they have not been as aggressive in the electric car market recently, like their competitors, they are planning to release a rechargeable version of their Prius by June 2012 (Krolicki). This re-chargeable version will position Toyota to attempt to take over as a low cost leader of hybrid technologies within the market, which supports Toyota’s overall strategy of low cost (Krolicki). Two actions that other car companies may take in order to differentiate themselves and gain a competitive advantage Hyundai rightly understood the consumer motivations to create magnetic products, price them strategically, position them sharply and keep making the magnetism more potent. Having understood the finer differences in consumer motivations, it opted for sharp arrow ‘reasons-to-buy’ differentiation over the ‘blanket-all approach’ taken by most of the other players. It is an aggressive marketer. It focuses on medium and low price products. Hyundai has also started premium products range to capture the growing market. (Anshuman goyal, pricing strategy of Hyundai, 2007; Retrieved December 9, 2014 from www. hyundai. com) The segments are based on type of customer like age group, attitude, end use of product, demographic behavior and purchasing power, status of the people of the region. Each competitor has its own strong point and value and position there product so as to attract maximum number of customers. (Kottler, Keller, Jha, Koshy, 2007, Marketing Management) Hyundai brand continues to dominate the market for premium cars, despite increasing competition. The firm should first consider the competitors price. If the company i. e. Hyundai contains features not offered by the nearest competitor, it should evaluate their worth to the customer and that value to the competitor price. Competitors are more likely to react when there is high competition. In case of Hyundai, many products are there such as Sonata, Santro, Hyundai i10, Accent etc. Hyundai continues to provide stiff competition to Honda in all the segments and poses an even bigger threat to expansion plans of Hyundai. (Anshuman goyal, pricing strategy of Hyundai, 2007; Retrieved December 9, 2014 from www. honda. com) Two examples of the most effective advertising medium for a Car company The TV advertising have been having the largest audiences in all ages, but car buyers are specific ages who have not enough time to watching TV even less than one hour per day, because they are too busy in today competitive era. Instead the internet via smart phones and computers is like a ghost became as a inseparable part of their life, at any time more than 15 hours a day, and even when they are eating, showering, walking, sporting, biking, swimming, and in any place even in high mountains and deep forests, roads and villages! Another reason for effectiveness of internet rather than TV is: new intelligence algorithms via data mining analyze the behavior of customers and put proper Ads to the web pages related to the target customers with very lower advertising costs. As a most important subject which advertisers should also pay attention to it is cultural differences, they have to be careful since cultures vary in different countries, they must understand the local audience culture before releasing new commercials, in order to avoid any misunderstanding. Another internet related way for advertising can be the online promotional games, such as Toyota’s use of MSN commercial games to promote its products, for instance. There are two interactive contents focusing on entertainment: fun activities and downloads. Both of them were found in about one third of the 100 web sites, respectively. Fun activities were also utilized to promote the brand in the sites and they are not related to scores or performance. Activities for fun included virtual test drive (www. gmc. com), virtual plant tour (www. cocacola . com), virtual auto show (www. lexus. com), e-cards (www. saturn. com), a coloring sheet (www. wendys. com), a virtual skin beauty analysis (www. neutrogena. com), and so forth. Downloads promoting and affiliated with the companys brand were also analyzed. Desktop images such as wallpaper and icons were the most offered downloads, followed by music (Seounmi Youn, 2001, Retrieved December 9, 2014 from http://list. msu. edu/cgi-bin/wa? A3=ind0209cL=AEJMCE =0P=3326464B= _T=text%2Fplain;%20charset=us-ascii) For the carmakers, another impressive promotion method is â€Å"complete test ride†. The buyers are very keen to getting experience to drive with a brand new car and having the opportunity to really feel its advantages and disadvantages. For encouraging the customers to more participating in test drive activities, offering some gifts can always increase the interest and willingness of then. Getting the best result always does not correspond with the cost of the advertising. So carmakers should choose their advertising media in accordance with today era. However as always, inviting stars to speak for different models with different appeals will have so effectiveness to increasing the public awareness. Conclusion Some observers suspect that Hyundai’s recent successes may be anomalies, abetted by the difficulties that the company’s U. S. and Japanese competitors faced after the global economic crisis, the rise in the yen’s value, Toyota’s wave of recalls, and the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan and Fukushima nuclear disaster. Others say that the company’s highly protected home market has enabled its growth, allowing Hyundai to establish a global presence while its domestic competitors restrict themselves to tiny slivers of the Korean market. But the single factor that has made the most difference is the company’s own interest in building world-class capabilities. Starting in 1998, Hyundai’s leaders set out to develop the kind of prowess the company would need to become a global automobile powerhouse, able to hold its own in the United States and other fiercely competitive markets. Early on, that meant offering a comprehensive warranty and taking specific steps to dramatically improve its quality ratings. Once customers were convinced of the brand’s reliability, Hyundai added other capabilities, such as design, which led to a more diversified product line and more stylish features. Meanwhile, it developed a knack for getting the word out through clever, consistent marketing. The result is a coherent mix of quality improvement, design, and marketing that gives Hyundai a clear advantage over its industry competitors. Although these are required capabilities at all automakers, Hyundai has excelled at combining them over the past decade, and its sales numbers reflect this success. The company’s effort to become a world-class automaker is beginning to pay off, and it’s far enough along that its story can be credibly told. (Source: Strategy Business. February 26, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2014 from http://www. strategy-business.com/article/00162? pg=all). References Anshuman goyal, pricing strategy of Hyundai, 2007; www. honda. com Anshuman goyal, pricing strategy of Hyundai, 2007; www. hyundai. com Carl Hose. 2014; Small businesses; http://smallbusiness. chron. com/top-ten-promotional-strategies-10193. html Hans Greimel, 2011. http://www. autonews. com/article /20101206/RETAIL03/ 312069982/hyundai-plans-new-brand-strategy Kottler, Keller, Jha, Koshy, 2007, Marketing Management Kristen Hamlin, 2014; http://smallbusiness. chron. com/ importance-ad-slogans-31343. html http://www. gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Financial-Services-for-the-Poor Ross Gittell, 2014, http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/3157? e=gittell_1. 0-ch06_s02# Trefis Team, 2014. http://www. forbes. com/sites /greatspeculations/2014/06/13/tata-motors-looks-to-improve-passenger-car-sales-by-penetrating-the-compact-segment/ Seounmi Youn, 2001, http://list. msu. edu/cgi-bin/wa? A3=ind0209cL=AEJMCE =0P=3326464B= _T=text%2Fplain;%20charset=us-ascii Strategy Business. February 26, 2013. http://www. strategy-business. com/article/00162? pg=all.

Magic Bullet Theory Analysis

Magic Bullet Theory Analysis ABSTRACT The theory of Magic bullet concept will be critically examine in this paper and its relevance to recent civilization. Historically this theory is an old media communication emanated since 1930’s assessment, which is recently challenged based on its relevance and scholar’s opinion along with the critics, assumptions and application which lead to general conclusion that Magic Bullet theory which as well as known as â€Å"hypodermic Needle† with regards to theory of media is still so significant still in this 21st century Keynotes: Magic bullet Theory, Propaganda, Audience, critics, advertising, Media communication INTRODUCTION Scholars projected that Magic Bullet theory on media effect and media behaviors was narrowed down to be passive and made influence in the people’s mind. In relevance to this theory, audience were seen to be homogenized when receiving information from the media. Thus make a great impact whereby contemporary audience is seem to be more differentiated. This foster a debatable augmentations amongst scholars that, this theory was proposed when communication media were still new, so its applications in western society is still very needful. This will also focus on the after effect of advertising on audiences to substantiate its relevance. This paper ague that advertising is seen as a form of propaganda tool, which is used by series of organisation or institutes to influence people mostly customers’ buying behaviors or stakeholders. A proposed research questions, methodology review and comparison with relevant literature will be critically examined. This will at the end nurture the relevance of the theory ‘Magic bullet’ and applicability amongst other critics of the theory. History of the Magic bullet theory also known as â€Å"Hypodermic Needle† will briefly be mentioned and propaganda will also be discussed in this paper, with structural argumentative relevance of the theory, using contemporary advertising strategy as an example of how the media inject propagandistic messages to perpetrate behavioral change. Having said these, there will also be a section which explains criticisms towards the theory, focusing on the notion of media effect to the audience. In the conclusive note, the implications of the occurrences will be illustrated. METHODOLOGY Research analysis of this paper is aimed at the relevance of Magic Bullet theory in today’s western society, with argument for applicability of the theory and evidence to back up this framework. Series of instances of propagandistic advertising will also be elaborated, based on theoretical framework. Use of scholar’s online journals, taught in class (The Hague University of applied science by Dr. Bruce Mutsvairo) and Mass media relations books is used to put up this paper together. Literature review Propaganda Defined According to Doob (1948) carefully illustrated that it is neither possible nor desirable to have a clear definition of propaganda because it links to complexity of behavior in different times and cultures. However, Jowett and O’Donnell (1992:4) criticized this and define propaganda as the deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. He specified that without proper identification of the terms it will be highly difficult to analyze it. In the same perspectives, Pratkanis and Aronson (2001) recognized propaganda as the abuse of persuasion and it is regarded as a crafty deception. The basic information delivered by propaganda tends to control public opinion and shape their behavioral patterns. In view of some scholars propagandistic messages were created to influence the public’s view. In this contexts, this paper analysis contends that advertising is a form of propaganda and it is used by structural establishments to influence their audience. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Magic Bullet theory of communication also known as â€Å"Hypodermic Needle† widely believed by media scholars as the oldest mass media communication theories since 1930 during the Second World War (SWW) in both Germany and United states, this made influence in the mind of people. Scholars’ suggestion behind this story and Fourie, 2008 stated that is that media (needle) messages which contains idea, attitudes and value are directly injects in to the minds of audience and psyche, causes change. The Magic bullet theory cause changes in audience behavior towards the message. Audience are passive and they can’t resist the media message, it can penetrate most people defenses and condition them to act in ways useful to propagandist (Stanley B. 2009). During the world war, Harold Lasswell stated that people was a victims of this propagandist messages in which its influences audiences’ behaviour prominently. According to Grossberg et al, (2006) in their findings me dia messages irresistible influence on the mass of audience. Another renowned incident of Magic bullet scenario was the radio broadcast of H.G. Wells’ novel â€Å"War of the Worlds†. The radio broadcast news roused around that Martins had started invading northern New Jersey, as a result there lots of panic and fear in the minds of people to the extent people fled the city and starts relocating. Another example in the same contexts of identical scenario †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. This two scenario is defines a good example of Magic Bullet theory operate. The audience is given virtually no tribute for being able to discern the actuality from fiction. On the contrary to this theory in 1940 a study conducted by Lazarsfeld called â€Å"People’s Choice† about Franklin D. election campaign and the effects of media messages. Through this study it is disapproved by Lazarsfeld that Magic Bullet theory and added audience are more influential in interpersonal than a media messages. This are not really conceived by people because of the stimulus effect it brings. Figure 1.1 conceptual Model Source: Katz Lazarsfeld (1955) Discussion Relevance of Magic Bullet Theory in the 21st Century. According to great scholars like Jowett and O’Donnell (2012) stated that the modern form of Magic Bullet theory could be view in an unintentional advertising by corporations create media messages in audience mind and how audience react towards the message without any hesitation which stimulate behavioral changes. This scholars – Jewett and O’Donnell (2012) define this kind of advertising as â€Å"a series of symbol, appeal and information deliberately designed to influence receiver of the message to act in some specific impulse either negative or positive way or only retain a memory. In light of the definitions of Jowett and O’Donnell (2012, p.55) advertising is â€Å"a series of appeals, statements and symbols intentionally schemed to either influence the receiver of the message towards the point of view and act in some precise way or maintain a memory in the mind of the audience†. Meanwhile, Propaganda is inferred to be â€Å"the deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist† (Jowett and O’Donnell, 2012, p.7). So it will be argue against that advertising is a form of propaganda, and it is used by organizations to influence audiences. According to argumentative statement made by Exoo (1994, p.258), which was confer by Jowett and O’Donnell (2012) regarding advertising as a form of propaganda in which it was critically deliberated that, advertisers sell sort of ideas and appeals to customers as follows: Selling the â€Å"Good Life†: Advertisers aimed at passing a distinctive message across to the audience, by which products confer to us prestige, sex, power, love and indeed, complete satisfaction of life, which philosophers described as ‘Good Life’ Selling America. Nation loyalty is deduced from advertiser’s perception. The America learned early from this, that patriotism sells. It is capitalism’s idealized America, freedom of choice of product, freedom to life, freedom of speech. Selling therapy. The revolution of the century brought mindboggling change Americans ways of life. Advertisers make use of this revolution and prescribed capitalism’s own products as the therapy for injuries shaped by capitalism. Advertisement is like a cure for so many buying and selling conceptions. Sexism: Selling sexism is also deduced by advertisers, portraying women as beautiful creature and as domestic being. The ad industry also goes establishing a voice of liberation; gender equality for women, it’s widely perceived that women does not fit in a leader positions, they are seen as only domestic leaders , according to Bible (1 Cor. 11:3, 8, 9)as unto the weaker vessel women was described as weaker being. However, liberation widely spread to give capitalism for women in this regards. Philosophers articulated a great sense of advice to advertisers to focus more on human insecurities and fantasies, thereby the message will be more irresistible, which created an effect of propagandistic message called ‘Impoverishment of the self’ to consumers, which means â€Å"there is self-inadequacy rendered by advertiser; humankind, once thought of as spiritual being – God made, was abridged ‘hardly viable’ without products to cure its woeful inadequacies: corned feet, teeth, bad breath, crumple skin and so on in an endless indictments of uncommodified self† (Ewen, 1974, cited in Exoo, 1994, p.281). Magic Bullet theory, however suggests messages are injected with propaganda that are not able to resist by the audience. Then the â€Å"If†¦.then† strategy has been a wide attempts of deliberations by advertisers. Jasmieson and Campbell (1997) elucidated â€Å"A pretty woman uses a certain brand of lipstick in an advertisement, men flocks around her. Without making the argument explicitly define, it illustrated that if you use the product you will be beautiful, and if you are beautiful you will be more attractive to opposite sex in the context, If not†¦.then not† (cited in Baran, 2012, (p.33)) In this strategy, the ad has injected the message of beauty into consumer mind and will be more eager to purchase the products that will make them more gorgeous and attractive. In other words, Deceptiveness looms in advertisements sphere, which will always create wants in the mind of people. Behavioral effect of advertising, where things such as high expectation, consumerism and materialism McQuail (1987). It is also buttressed by Baran (2012), that America culture in tis 21st century has now become a culture of ‘ad freak’, where consumers depends. More so, Martin Agency in the US Jelly Helm, the ad pundit, see the ad created culture has produced America that is â€Å"sick†¦We work so hard so that we buy things we don’t need, things made by workers who are paid so little and threaded the survival of the earth. Helm, (2002) in addition cited that America will be remember as a culture of disposability and superficiality, a culture of poverty, vain, and violenc e, Culture of hedonism. Propaganda practices were seen to be more straightforward compared to its contemporary, which in my view takes the form of subliminal advertising because, Jowett O’Donnell, (2012) illustrated that it is becoming apparent that advertisers is a form of deception and use a discrete ways to carry out their research, in form of demographic and psychographic analyses of exact target market. Further explained that ‘many thousands of unsurpassed proficient minds have made it a profession to get into collective people mind†¦ to get inside to exploit, control and to manipulate’ (McLuhan, 1951, cited in Exoo, 1994, p.279) Magic Bullet Theory Critics It is debatable that media effect in communicating to the audience is reflected specifically based on assumption of human nature and it was not based on any empirical findings from research. The notion prove that audience are powerless to resist the media injected messages. Thus assumed to be homogenous and reaction effect towards this messages. It has been propounded that media effect were â€Å"limited by individual differences (for example in intelligence and education), social categories (such as religious and political affiliation), and personal relationships (friends and family)† (Lazarsfeld (1941) as cited by Baran 2012, p.363) Research indicated that Magic Bullet theory was perceived as an oversimplification effect of media, as such that Grossberg et al (2006) stated that â€Å"different people responded differently to the same messages and that some people may be more vulnerable to the influence of media messages†. Also the same injection (hypodermic Needle) do es not have a static effect whatsoever on every individual, some are healed and some are not whilst some are even passive when receiving the message. Metaphorically speaking Magic Bullet shot, still leaves room for different reactions to a different message to different audience. Just like how someone shot in the head may die but another may live to tell the tale. CONCLUSION I summary, Magic Bullet theory also known as â€Å"Hypodermic Needle† still has a huge significant in today’s western society. Though it is deduced References Berger, Arthur (1995). Essentials of Mass Communication Theory. London: SAGE Publications Garth S. Jowett and Victoria ODonnell. (2012) Propaganda and Persuasion. 5th ed. USA, SAGE Publications, Inc. http://insidepublicrelations.blogspot.nl/2010/01/defining-propaganda-and-pr.html (Assed: 19th Feb 2015) Stanley J. Baran, Dennis K. Davis (2009) Mass Communication Theory Foundations, Ferment, and Future by 5th ed. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. USA http://communicationtheory.org/magic-bullet-or-hypodermic-needle-theory-of-communication/ http://www.12manage.com/description_hypodermic_needle_theory.html(Assessed: 22 February, 2015) http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/ (Assessed: 24 February, 2015) http://www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20Clusters/Mass%20Media/Hypodermic_Needle_Theory/

Midway Plaisance Essay example -- Architecture History

Midway Plaisance The Midway first came to being during the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago as a bit of an accident. The world's fair scheduled for 1892 was pushed towards a higher standard than most others. The successes of the 1876 Philadelphia and 1889 Paris fairs drove the Chicago planners to produce something even greater. As stated by Richard Wilson, the Paris fair especially hit home for the Americans. The sheer magnificence of the buildings and exhibits made the United States look very backward indeed. While France and the rest of the Old World countries held their own with remarkable advances in art, architecture, and science, the U.S. appeared to be falling behind. America's relatively inferior showings didn't help to shake this harsh image. The U.S. was desperate for a new self-image. It needed an opportunity to establish itself as the superpower it felt it deserved to be. The Columbian Exposition gave the U.S. this chance. Fair organizers planned the fair on a grand scale. They gra vitated towards a solemn Neo-Classical style, as exemplified in the all-white Court of Honor, a style which represented order, tradition, purity, and grandeur -- all the things that America was trying to display. However, this new classical character impressed upon the fair's major buildings produced a conflict with a group of people that had already laid claim to the fair: the members of the entertainment industry. Even before the formal announcement of the Fair in 1890, requests for space from all sorts of vendors, musical and circus troupes, and restaurateurs. Amusement vendors had been set up at previous expositions, usually right outside the fairgrounds. There, they not only attracted more fairgoers than the regular exhibits... ...ighted crowds at Montreal in 1967. This endurance of the idea of the Midway is a testament to its charisma, its power, and the high place amusement holds in the eye of society. Bibliography Richard Wilson, "Challenge and Response: Americans and the Architecture of the 1889 Exhibition," in Annette Blaugrund (ed.) Paris 1889. American Artists at the Universal Exposition, Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, 1989, 93-110. Findling, John E. Historical Dictionary of World's Fairs and Expositions: 1851-1988. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990. Meehan, Patrick. "The Big Wheel." Chicago's Great Ferris Wheel of 1893. Rydell, Robert W. Fair America: World's Fairs in the United States. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000. Keefe, John Webster. Libbey Glass: A Tradition of 150 Years: 1918-1968. Toledo, Ohio: Toledo Museum of Art, 1968.