Applicability of Lean Management in Nursing

Nurses also bring added advantages to the role of Lean leader-an uncompromising commitment to patient care and the natural ability to view hospital yester through the lens of the patient. The second literature â€Å"Lean Management in Med/Surge† By Barbara Mercer talks about the pros and cons of lean Management as Tracy Galilee, MBA, URN, has developed a professional and personal investment in the success of the organization- one aftercare's lean facilitators.Lean management principles are derived from the manufacturing industry, specifically from Toyota Motor Corporation, which espouses continuous improvement and respect for people. Sounds like a great idea to incorporate into healthcare, wouldn't you think? The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (III) agreed. The ‘His 2005 White Paper Going Lean in Healthcare was based on expert presentations from the ‘HI Calls to Action Series.Among the experts was John Toasting, MD, president and CEO at Teacher, who was integ ral to bringing lean management to the organization. The white paper's executive summary briefly explained the purpose and goals of lean management as they would relate to healthcare: â€Å"The Institute for Healthcare Improvement believes that lean principles can be – indeed, already are being – successfully applied to the delivery of health care. Lean thinking begins with driving out waste so that all work adds value and reverse the customer's needs.For those unfamiliar with lean management practices, Galilee did not take over as a dietary counselor; instead, she assisted nursing staff to cut the fat from daily processes that stand in the way of the most efficient practices and the best possible outcomes for patients. Now the business unit manager of the med/surge unit, Galilee continues to assist staff in employing lean principles in a developing community of empowered problem-solvers. (2) The last literature to be reviewed is an article that spoke against the impl ementation of Lean ManagementDon't ‘Lean' on Me, Hospital Workers Say' by Alexandra Bradbury [August 1 5, 2013. Part of the lean ethos is getting workers to participate in their own exploitation. Some hospitals offer nurses a boost of pay and status for championing a lean project. â€Å"Hospitals are very often successful at co-opting natural leaders,† Mencken said. What can the union do? First is to educate members to see through management's hype-?what labor educator Charley Richardson called the â€Å"tricks and traps† designed to lull you into believing you and management have the same concerns at heart.These include Joint brainstorming, win-win rhetoric, and trust exercises. One strategy is to try to get your people onto the lean team-?but they probably won't be picked, and it's a â€Å"slippery slope,† Sheridan-Gonzalez said. Union members on Joint committees should treat every meeting as if it were a bargaining session, with two opposing sides. They can say, â€Å"We don't accept your framing. We see this as a potential for harm,† Mencken recommends. And the usual union tactics can be used against lean, too: petitions, forms that document unsafe staffing, button/ sticker days, and marches on the boss to resist speed-up. 3) Study Population Nurses have served as leaders of 2 very successful Lean initiatives at the Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital (RUSH). Founded in 1884, RUSH is a Magnet hospital that is the principal teaching hospital of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey's Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. Each year Rush's 1300 physicians and 1500 nurses care for more than 200 000 patients. The first case study-â€Å"OR Lean†-details the Lean transformation of Rush's operating room (OR).The second case study describes the remodeling of Rush's emergency department (DEED) with Lean principles and practices. Monsoons et al,2012) While nurses in Interiors Medical Center, New York and Cal ifornia Pacific Medical Center have iced out the disadvantages of Lean Management in their respective hospitals. Sources of Data A primary source data was utilized in this study. Lean management as cited in journals, articles and blobs and are mostly Internet based were used and acknowledged.Some of these Journals and articles are: â€Å"From Toyota to the Bedside: Nurses Can Lead the Lean Way in Health Care Reform† by Joyce E. Johnson, Amy L. Smith and Kari A. Master (Nursing Administration Quarterly,September 2012 ,Volume 36 Number 3 ,Pages 234 – 242), â€Å"Lean Management in Med/Surge† By Barbara Mercer, and â€Å"Lean Management Don't ‘Lean' on Me, Hospital Workers Say' by Alexandra Bradbury ‘August 1 5, 2013 among others. Data Analysis As stated in the research's sources 2 data clearly evolved and both stating favor and opposition towards lean management.The 2 cases in RUSH that favor lean management has the following results from their studie s: case study 1 : OR LEAN The need for improved efficiency in OR scheduling has been although the number of Lean interventions in the OR reported in the literature is relatively small when compared with interventions in other hospital departments. Most recently in 2011, Violence reported a 20% increase in OR productivity and capacity n a Canadian hospital that adopted Lean methods.The electronic paperwork to discharge a patient is â€Å"eight pages of clicks,† said Betsy Prescott, a leader in the Massachusetts Nurses Association. Muff get spoken to if you miss one thing. ‘†some of these floors can have 15-19 discharges a day,† she said. Mire's not taking care of the patient, you're documenting. † (Bradbury,2013 ) Standardization is a watchword of lean management. Nurses at SST. Charles Medical Center in central Oregon were Justly proud of their Rapid Response Team-?it had saved lives. But that didn't stop the administration from announcing plans to end the team.The rationale? Other hospitals don't have one. Most hospitals now use computers to set staffing. You enter the number of patients on the unit today, and the software spits out how many nurses and nursing assistants are needed. Employers claim they factor in the severity of patients' conditions-?but Mortally none of them do,† Burros said. (Bradbury,2013 ) Strengths and Weaknesses of the Study The strengths of this study can be summarized as the following: lean management was applied to a well known and prestigious hospital Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital (RUSH).Founded in 1884, RUSH is a Magnet hospital that is the principal teaching hospital of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey's Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and with well documented evidences that lean management worked for them. Other credible articles as to the applicability of lean management were also cited and gave a good argument to the promise that lean management can work fo r the healthcare sector. So in terms of credibility, accurate accumulation and evidence based arguments both for and against lean management were well presented.On the other hand, it is very clear that the main weakness of the study is its very limited scope and hence the uncertain conclusion as to whether lean management is applicable or not in nursing management. Conclusion It is very clear that the study has a very limited scope but we will summarize below both arguments for and against lean management in regards to its applicability in Nursing management. As shown in the results of the 2 case studies in order for lean management to succeed it must be: Leadership is critical for successThe literature emphasized the central role of committed leadership in the success of Lean work. According to Doss and Orr, leadership is â€Å"an integral part of the Lean Operating System, not an afterthought. † The support of leaders, they suggest, can â€Å"make the difference between su perficial attempts at implementing Lean-where the tools and techniques are evident, but the behaviors haven't changed-and full transformational deployments where the entire organization embraces Lean from the bottom up and the top down. Monsoons et al,2012) Lean work is systems work In their 2010 review, Macho and Litter emphasized that Lean work is a whole yester strategy that cannot be done piecemeal and that no single â€Å"silver bullet† solution, such as a new computer system or automated equipment, can achieve the same results. Systems thinking, the discipline of seeing wholes and inter- relationships, is certainly not new. As Sense suggested more than 20 years ago, the systems perspective is badly needed in a world overwhelmed by rapid technological change, changing demographics, shifting borders, and increasing complexity. 5)(6) Monsoons et al,2012) Communication is critical to success From the outset of our Lean work, we knew that communication was the key to the hor n-term and long-term success of our work. As we had done with past quality improvement efforts, we regularly reminded the staff to keep the vision of the future state in mind because, as the anticipatory principle suggests, the image of the future is what guides the current behavior within an organization. Monsoon et al,2012) As for the argument of those who are against lean management, the following reasons are cited: Lean management according to critics does not consider human factor for it stresses â€Å"no downtime, Just in time staffing, emphasis on the use of technology to monitor staffs performance, among others. Standardization is an emphasis of lean management that also rings alarm bells among employees who do not yet have a holistic appreciation for lean. In lean, first you standardize, then you improve. Improving a non-standard process is like remodeling a house built on quicksand.It won't do you much good in the long run. â€Å"(Bait, 2010 ) If we continue to standardi ze work in hospitals without accounting for the variety nurses and hospitals get from patients we will make things worse for patients, nurses, doctors and the bottom-line. The system needs to be redesigned around the work by management, ruses, doctors and others working together to improve the system. This all begins by management changing their thinking around the design and management of work. Once management understands by seeing the damage of their thinking in a normative way can real changes impact the work. Bait,2010 ) Now, to answer our query whether lean management is applicable or not in Nursing management, we say it is still remain to be seen. Learning from both sides of the argument of for or against lean, it is safe to conclude that lean management is applicable but not to all types of health care institution and setting. As much as success of lean management s well documented in the ROUGH, we have to remember this is a Magnet accredited hospital and employees are expect ed to get used to high standard work and compliance to a strong administrative leadership and management.Lean management is also about culture change and resistance will be expected so those who oppose have some valid points in which management has to seriously consider. After all for any system or management to work, people's satisfaction and cooperation should be addressed foremost and not to be ignored or taken for granted. Otherwise, what is the use of introducing a promising system such as lean management when in he process it will lead to dissatisfied and tired staff?

Norman Mailer’s Stabbing of his Second Wife, Adele Morales

Mr. Mailer was an eminent individual of America, he was known as a writer, film producer and director. He completed his Bachelors of Science in aeronautics from Harvard University in 1939. He became a very famous personality after writing many prominent novels. He married six times throughout his life. He had nine children, out of which eight were biological, and one was adopted. Norman Mailer was considered   Ã‚  a very gifted and assiduous person. In the year 1960, at a party held at his home, Mailer got drunk and stabbed his second wife, Adele Morale, practically killing her. Adele Morale was hurt in the abdomen and back of the body. Most people believed that Mailer was observed as the victim. Mailer had been motivated to do this by compulsion and mental illness, as there was no other reason which could be concluded for this sinful act. While few people criticize him and believe that Mailer did not have any admiration for women, he affirmed on a converse demonstrate, â€Å"Women ought to be kept in confine.†   In a Harper's Magazine dissertation titled â€Å"The Prisoner of Sex†, he wrote, â€Å"The major accountability of a woman is to be on ground long enough to find the best mate for herself and envisage children who will perk up the species.† So in this research study we have covered all the facts which may be involved in Norman’s stabbing of his second wife, and have described the circumstances which provoked him to perform this violence. Life History ; Achievements of Norman Mailer Norman Mailer was an outstanding personality of the United States of America. He was an author, film producer and director. Normal Mailer was born in New Jersey in 1923. In 1939, Mailer completed his Bachelors of Science in aeronautics from the Harvard University. After completion of his edification, he initiated inscription of novels. In the year 1944, he was driven to the army, where he worked communally as a clerk and rifleman. In the year 1948, he started writing for the novel, â€Å"The Naked and The Death†. In this novel, he elucidated everything which he had perceived in World War II. This novel achieved more accomplishment than it was expected to. It was in 1960 when he wrote many dissertations and became a lead writer. In 1969, Mailer ran for mayor, this time on the â€Å"Secessionist† ticket, which included proposals that New York City become the fifty-first state and that disputes among young criminals be settled by jousting tournaments in Central Park. Mailer's theatrical journalistic approach is presumed to be of highest esteem in the outstanding Armies of the Night. Mailer triumphed six percent of the ballot in a five man competition to turn out to be the Mayor of New York. He recognized the 1968 Republican and Democratic conference in Miami and the Siege of Chicago, and became the first man to corridor the Moon. During his life time, Mailer married six dissimilar women and had nine children from them, eight of which were his biological children and one was adopted. After spending a troublesome life, Mr. Mailer died at the age of 84 in New York, at Mount Sinai Hospital, due to renal failure. [Norm, Rich]. Marriages of Norman Mailer Norman Mailer married six times, his first marriage took place in the year 1943, and last in 1980. His first wife was Beatrice Silverman, they got married in 1943, and he divorced her in the year 1952. Adele Morales was his second wife, they got married on April 19, 1954 at City Hall, but after a few years, he attempted to kill her with a pen knife, and they were divorced after this ghastly incident. Lady Jeanne Campbell was the third wife of Mailer. They married in the year 1962 and were divorced in 1963. He then decided to marry Beverly Bentley in the year 1963. His fifth wife was Carol Steven whom he married in the year 1980; they were separated after one day of their marriage. He committed himself to Norris Church in the year 1980. [Norm, Sherry, Strifto]. The stabbing incident At a revelry in which Mr. Mailer was to announce his Mayoral candidature on the Secessionist ticket, he was heavily drunk and he stabbed his second wife Adele Morale, practically killing her. She was hit in the abdomen and back of the body, and was taken to the hospital at 8 am sharp. She was admitted to the hospital with an abrasion in close proximity to her heart. Shortly after, detectives went to question her about the incident, but they were told that she was in a very critical situation, and she could not answer their questions. The following day, the police was allowed to visit her as she was feeling better than before. She then informed them that her husband stabbed her on Sunday morning at 5 a.m. without any reason. He unexpectedly walked towards her, looked at her and stabbed her with a penknife. Adele refused to press accusation, so Mailer escaped this indignation within a fortnight at a psychiatric unit of Bellevue. This incident became one of the most terrible events of Mailer’s life. It has been a focal point for feminist critics of Mailer, who point to the subject of sexual aggression in his work.   This confrontation made him separate with his beloved wife. Furthermore, they divorced in the year 1962. This incident also blemished his career and the image he had made among fans. He was no more considered as a celebrity after stabbing his wife. Mailer also felt guilty for his act while appearing in a T.V. documentary.   He himself said, â€Å"The stabbing changed everything in my life. It is the one act I can look back on and regret for the rest of my life.† On the other hand, Adele Morales tells news reporters that Norman Mailer was never guilty for his act because if he was, it would show, additionally; he can never accept that he has any weakness in his character. Carl Rollyson unwrapped the biography of Mailer with narrations of John Maloney, an acquaintance of Mailer. It was in 1954, when Maloney stabbed his mistress and escaped. After a few years he was sent to jail but was released when the convict was taken back from his wife. At that moment, Mailer alleged to him, â€Å"God, I wish I had the courage to stab a woman like that. That was a real gutsy act.† That tells one all one needs to know about Norman Mailer’s idea of â€Å"courage.† In some instances, it conveys very modest disapproval surrounded by upscale intellectuals [Norm & Kimball, 2007; Bart, 2007]. Circumstances and Causes of this Incident When the populace attempted to conclude on the subject of Mailer’s stabbing of his second wife, they were frequently bewildered. This was due to the fact that Mailer had a tremendous individuality and overwhelming intelligence, and had written many esteemed articles. While on other hand, he stabbed his wife so it is not very easy to conclude Mailer’s personality and circumstances which drove him to this act. However, we can have a spectacle on what a researcher considered about Norman Mailer, to make a conclusion about the cause of his violent act. Irving Howe believes that Mailer was observed as the victim. He also believes that Mailer had been motivated by compulsivity and mental illness as there was no other reason which can be concluded for this sin. Anyone who reads Mailer’s story would consider him as a victim and they would question themselves additionally, as to what the circumstances were, which forced him to do so. If Mailer’s attempt to assassinate his companion convened with little displeasure, the ‘American Dream’ would not run away so effortlessly. It had its admirer, and on the other hand critic Stanley Edgar Hyman, in an overwhelming review called Norman Mailer’s Luscious Rump, beam a lot, when it was called an appalling novel. Substantially added flamboyance than antagonism, it is a book whose dreadfulness is in actual fact begging description. It can be said that Mailer performed this violent act because he would be mentally depressed at times, as he had a troubling life. However, some people believe that Mailer was thought of as a celebrity who was a drinker and brawler, womanizer, biased campaigner, communal critic, talk-show guest, self-promoter, and symbol of male sexism. The stabbing incident became the evidence of Mailer’s reputation as a boisterous person too [Norm & Kimball]. The above discussion clearly concludes that the causes of this incident may be   some mental illness, or it was his cruel nature towards women which made him   perform this horrible act. References Bart Barnes, November 11, 2007, A blustery force in life and letter retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/11/11/ST2007111101767.html. About.com, quotes about Norman Mailer previous marriages retrieved from http://marriage.about.com/od/thearts/a/normanmailer_3.htm Richard Avedo, Norman Mailer autobiography retrieved from   http://www.notablebiographies.com/Lo-Ma/Mailer-Norman.html. Mailer a dissenting view, Roger Kimball http://pajamasmedia.com/xpress/rogerkimball/2007/11/10/norman_mailer_a_dissenting_vie.php.                  

Relationship between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction Research Paper

Relationship between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction - Research Paper Example Additionally, offering good quality services leads to word of mouth recommendation resulting in the increased popularity of a business. The quality of services becomes a more important factor in the hospitality sector. There are assumptions that customer satisfaction is the most reliable indicator of the quality of services. However, there are disagreements on whether hotels should focus on measuring the service quality or the customer satisfaction when determining the areas to improve on.   Background Literature Related to the Problem There are different perspectives regarding the relationship between quality of services and customer satisfaction. Some people argue that satisfaction is a precursor of the quality of services. Others claim that service quality results in customer satisfaction. Different methods have been used to examine how service quality relates to customer satisfaction. ...The level of satisfaction towards a service or good is determined by the perceptions of the consumers or customers. Moreover, satisfaction is crucial in the hotel business since it determines the capability of a hotel to attract new clients or retain the existing ones. Some hotels such as Taj have created ways of getting feedback from their clients to enable them to measure the customer satisfaction towards certain services. This is crucial since the hotels are able to identify areas that require improvement and work on them. Improved service delivery results in the improvement of the overall image of the hotel. Additionally, the quality of services in a hotel can be measured through determining the perception of the customers towards the tangibles such as food. Most customers will determine the quality of a product by considering the price. This enables them to determine if a product is worth a given price or not. According to Nagadevara (2008), the hospitality industry greatly relies on word of mouth communication in getting new customers as well as retaining the existi ng ones. If a customer’s checks into a hotel and is satisfied by the services offered, they are likely to share the experience with their friends who might visit the hotel to enjoy a similar experience. On the other hand, a non-satisfied customer is also likely to share the experience with friends, which will result in the development of distaste towards the hotel. One factor behind the success of Taj hotels is the customer satisfaction. There are different factors contributing to customer satisfaction. One such factor is the beautiful architecture of the hotels that have made them be considered iconic.

Brother from another mother Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brother from another mother - Essay Example It is like I now live in a dream. Before I met Keifer, I worked myself too hard to try and grasp any opportunity that was coming my way so as to succeed and have a good life just like anybody else. Being fresh from college with my ambitions down deep in my veins, I could never find that perfect opportunity that would help me change my life. I was broke and tired of living from hand to mouth. In my sleep, I used to dream of big things; having great wealth; a multi-billion dollar company and a mega yatch I used for my holidays. In my dreams I owned a piece of the world but in reality I was poorer than a church mouse. Keifer became a milestone for me the moment he stepped into my life and the life I had dreamt of owning a piece of the world, started to become a reality. First, he showed me a path that led me to my financial freedom that was basically my goal in life. He enabled me to achieve this by carefully selecting reading books and hundreds of magazines on financial matters and how to deal with the financial issues. This has not only ensured my financial freedom, but has also assisted me in running a business that he assisted me to start. Secondly, he ideally put me closer to God by ensuring that I have changed my thinking in terms of believing in God. He not only took me to church, but also introduced me to his pastor and I began attending the Church service every Sunday. This was unlike me; I never even used to get a hundred meters close to triangular shaped buildings with crosses on them. Lastly, Keifer helped me improve my relationships with other people and cultivate a good relationship with them. He struggled hard to make sure that I realized how terribly I could not control my anger and deal with stresses aspects in my life something that had major contributions to numerous failures in life. Truthfully, Keifer helped me restore a very important aspect in life, hope. Ever since he

Why men's basketball is better than women's basketball Essay - 3

Why men's basketball is better than women's basketball - Essay Example nt popularity because it was invented before women’s basketball, and this attributed to gaining of numerous fans by the latter compared to the former. In addition, numerous fans watching these games are interested in cheering the best players of the basketball, and it happens that men a good in playing basketball compared to women. Therefore, men’s basketball end up attracting a larger number of fans compared to women’s basketball (Kramer, 1). On the other hand, the notion indicating that men are good at applying various tactics through their talents while playing that the game has made their game is more attractive than women’s are. In this case, this essay will sets out to explore reasons that makes men’s basketball be considered better than women’s basketball. Men’s basketball game has been regarded to be more entertaining than women’s basketball, whereby men tend to be highly talented compared to women. Moreover, numerous people enjoy watching the contemptible dunks and struggles that these men endure to win a game. In fact, men have been identified to play in the upper professional raking perimeter that facilitates employment of various tactics and talents in a way that earns them victory. Furthermore, men’s teams have acquired attention from numerous fans that have a high preference of watching a game played by teams with professional skills (Kramer, 1). Therefore, given that men apply these tactics and their professional skills more than women do, this makes this brings excitement to their game. The mechanics and unique styles applied by men in playing their game have increasingly become attractive to the fans. In this case, men cultivate through the diversity of the athletes and these professional skills more than women do. In fact, men tend to evaluate their immediate situation prior to offering a response (Silverman, 1). There is differentiation between men and women’s styles of learning, which leads to a disparity in the process of

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 16

Case study - Assignment Example In nutshell, Burger King’s quirky advertising has enabled it shed its old boring image, stand out and position itself as a joint for fun loving people. The company has witnessed an increase in revenue, thanks to the advertising campaigns that had the potency to surprise customers. The purpose of advertising may be information dissemination, persuasion or brand building. Advertising is said to be effective if it achieves the stated objectives. Burger King has been able to attract the 18- to 34-year-old males even though it has alienated others. In essence, the company has not contravened any legal requirement and has used legitimate advertising to reach the desired demographic profile. Ethics refer to an individual’s moral judgment about right and wrong. They emanate from the norms and beliefs prevalent in the society. Ethics is a subjective term. The opinion on whether a particular action or decision is ethical or unethical may vary from person to person. Burger King’s advertising strategy may be regarded as unethical in parts. In some campaigns, Burger King’s advertising agency Crispin Porter + Bogusky used visuals that were demeaning to women. Critics alleged that fast food retailer was relying on sex to promote its products. Some pictures posted on the company’s website with the caption â€Å"Groupies love the Coq† were also inappropriate for children viewing. The fast-food giant’s ‘Whopper Virgins’ campaign wherein three separate people groups underwent blind taste tests was racially demeaning and thus unethical. These advertisements depicted people from regions of Iceland, Thailand, and Transylvania and were stated to have no exposure of any of the leading fast food giants. In 2005, Burger King adopted the faux metal band called ‘Coq Roq’ to promote its new Chicken Fries. The company’s Coq Roq Web site featured a photo gallery of young women. These pictures along with the

Africa Diaspora Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Africa Diaspora - Research Paper Example Although the slaves significantly outnumbered their masters, they found it difficult to find their own voice outside their communities. The slaves suffered particularly harsh treatments if there were any attempts to gain emancipation or to run away (Bulliet, Crossley, Headrick, Hirsch& Johnson, 584). In the 1750’s, Mackandal  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ a voodoo priest with a charismatic personality was able to gather slaves into organized movements and networks throughout the plantations (Blackburn). He was also able to organize the maroon bands or runaway slaves. Even after his death in 1978, the movement continued to fight for the cause of the slaves. Concerned by this and by the disparity in the populations of the different groups, the European officials passed a number of laws that were not only discriminatory and oppressive of slaves but also of freed persons of color (Blackburn). These individuals were denied opportunities, were limited in the number of administrative positions that the y would be offered and were ostracized socially. Such laws motivated the freed slaves and others to join the protests. The French revolution led to the declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789, which declared all men to be equal (Blackburn). This was believed to be a vindication of their rights by the free colored population of Saint-Domingue. One such person was Vincent Oge who had recently returned from France. He believed that he and others like him had the right to vote in Saint-Domingue; and he perused this cause till he was captured in 1971 and brutally killed (Blackburn). This incident caused an uprising that was led by another voodoo priest Dutty Boukman. This uprising that started on 21st August 1791 led to the violent and disruptive revolt of slaves all over the province. In an attempt to curb the revolt, equal rights were granted to freedmen in 1792, but the war between France and England bought the rebels the support of the Spanish and the English (Bulliet et al., 584). The French realized that they could not fight on so many fronts, and so in 1794, the Assembly of the First Republic declared all slaves in the French colonies as free men. L'Ouverture  was a former slave who rose to the rank of commander in the army and worded tirelessly for the emancipation of slaves (Dubois, 171). These freed slaves were then encouraged to join the French army, thus serving as an incentive for the French to ensure emancipation of all slaves. These troops succeeded in defeating the Spanish and British invaders and gained command of the island where L'Ouverture declared himself a ruler and declared Saint-Domingue a sovereign black state in 1801 (Dubois, 177). This angered Napoleon Bonaparte who had L'Ouverture  captured. L'Ouverture  later died in prison in France. Napoleon sent Leclerc and Viscount of Rochambeau to take control of Saint-Domingue, where they tried to reestablish slavery without success (Dubois, 180). This fueled the revolt that continued to we aken France till it was defeated in 1803. Jean-Jacques Dessalines who was then leading the rebel forces in Saint-Domingue declared the state free on 1st January 1804 and renamed it as ‘Haiti† (Dubois, 303). The success of this revolution caused questions about slavery to be raised across the United States where slavery was still practiced. A number of freed men and slaves were inspired by the efforts of the rebels in Haiti and these voices caused political enquiry into the issues of slaves (Popkin, 298). American soil also saw refugees - both white and those of color - from Haiti

Social networking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social networking - Research Paper Example the introduction of social networking has changed internet technology to inclusive Internet users can come together in social media sites and sharing their hobbies, views, memories and religion. Many social networking sites require minimum efforts and security to join and almost every site are free. High level of personal information that is displayed in the social networking sites can result in identity theft. There is hardly any person who does not exercise any forms of social networking. The advancement of social networking changed the way of communication of people from silent spectator to effective spectator. This research paper will discuss about the issues of identity privacy on social media sites. The creation of popular social networking sites such as Facebook, Google+, Twitter and Instagram has created a controversial issue which is identity privacy of individual. Some of the identity privacy issues are identity theft, data mining and stalking. Social media sites such as Facebook and twitter has provided a perfect platform for individuals to share their memories and views. Social networking sites have becomes inevitable part of every people by providing maximum global reach. The destination of global reach of people created the domination of social networking. It has brought power back to the people hands by the virtue of interaction of people with other individual can help to create social influence. The astronomical amount of information that is being shared in social media sites created privacy and security issues. Social networking has encouraged people to be more open to share their intimate details (Gershon 19). But this information which are being posted can cause pr ivacy issue like people might stole be aware of this information due to open nature of social networking sites. Social networking site such as Facebook has attracted the

The relationship between ethics and politics Essay

The relationship between ethics and politics - Essay Example Your duty is to weigh the benefits and the harm of your actions. For example, the majority believes that it is entirely wrong and unacceptable to take the life of another. But if you saw a child’s life in danger and the only way that you could save the child was to take the life of another, it would not be unethical to do so, although standards of behaviour dictate that taking the life of another is wrong. Barak Obama: I believe that taking the life of another to save a child does not set a bad example and it reinforces our responsibility to protect children. However, stealing when you can easily ask for food or work for it sets a bad example and would not be acceptable by any standards of conduct. Socrates: Again it is about knowing what is good for you. I cannot be good for you to fail to save a child from eminent harm. Nor can it good for you to steal to feed a child. Moral realism dictates that ignorance is the only form of unethical behaviour. Rational man determines what he thinks is best in each situation. In this regard knowledge motivates action that is appropriate and false perceptions and beliefs motivate inappropriate conduct. Socrates: Not necessarily. There is a human inclination to be corrupted by power so that political institutions tend to be susceptible to timocracy, oligarchy, democracy and tyranny. None of these political institutions are capable of being impartial and are vulnerable to corruption. Socrates: Democracy gives that unsuitable ruler certain rights that permit him to remain in office longer than he should be. He has the right to insist upon a thorough investigation and he has the right to confront his accusers. Socrates: I would have thought that that fact that he was unsuitable would have already been a matter of public record. Still, I would have to say that democracy is the lesser of all the evils of politics. For instance, timocracy is authoritarian and can be compared to military

Progressive Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Progressive Education - Essay Example Life and Death of the U.S. School System by Diane Ravitch This book is an excellent introduction to today’s education debates. The author sets forth a sound history of the American public school system, and after reading her book, the reader feels ready to consider opposing thoughts. Most importantly, they concur with her opinion that proper education is the foundation of America’s democracy. Readers are also likely to agree with Diane’s view that regardless of the measures which are adapted, education policy decisions should be well-informed and executed. Ravitch serves up an education reform like No Child Left Behind. She presents information showing that the policy was fruitless. For instance, she recounts Alan Bersin’s era as the administrator of the San Diego school. She uses his effort of re-structuring San Diego schools as a case of what happens when harsh, corporate-style management blunders into the world of learning (Ravitch, 2010). Black Teacher s on Teaching Black Teachers on Teaching is a truthful and convincing account of the philosophies and politics involved in the schooling of black children during the past half century (Foster, 1977). Michele Foster talks to those who were the foremost to school in unified southern schools and to others who taught in high urban districts, such as Los Angeles, Boston, as well as Philadelphia. The book is a perfect record in relation to the gains and losses accompanying unification of schools, the rewards and inspirations of teaching, and the challenges and solutions they observe in the coming days. The book answers the question of what black teachers between the 80’s and the year 2000 experience in teaching. The book is an excellent source of the reactions to school integrations and its outcomes to students, teachers and parents dating back to the 19th century (Foster, 1977). School in American Culture This book deals with culture as it is in the flesh of lively habituated bodi es of humans who frame the society which shares of their traditions. This is in terms of their words, their gestures and expectations. The book was set around the 40’s and 50’s. It is a brilliant example of the classical and realistic definition of culture, containing both practice and constituted selves. However, the practical report is not a study of the people in an American school, but rather an overview of discriminated places and people and their relations in daily activities. The book summarizes the American thought of a teacher, based on the time it was written, derived from both experiences and stereotypes. The analysis of a school though is not particularly based on summarizing stereotype so much as in a logical arrangement of evident schools (Mead, 1964). Puerto Rican Students in U.S. Schools Puerto Rican Students in U.S. Schools focus on the experiences past of Puerto Rican students in the United States. The book addresses issues of culture, identity, ethni city, language, social activism, gender, policy implications, and community involvement (Nieto, 2000). The book was set in the late 90’s, and was the earliest book to concentrate both on the education of Puerto Ricans in particular. It also focused on substantial and rising Puerto Rican scholars who are developing cutting-edge scholarship in the field of education. This volume is for anyone researching this vital

Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease Essay Example for Free

Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease Essay Periodontal disease is a disease that affects the gums which causes them not to hold on to the teeth as tight as is normal. The teeth are therefore detached from the jawbone as it (Dr. Pohlhaus, 2008). It has been found to be responsible for the majority of tooth loses among the adults especially if it stays unchecked over several years. The disease usually attack the tooth through a crevice referred to as sulcus that is found below the gum line. During the attack, the disease breaks down the attachment of the tissues with the tooth and this result into a pocket whose depth depends on the severity of the attack. There are two main categories of the periodontal diseases; the gingivitis, which is a milder form of the periodontal diseases and is usually reversible. The other category is the periodontists (http://www. ada. org/public/topics/periodontal_diseases. asp). The major difference between the two is that the latter affects only the connecting tissues and the bone while the former affects the gum and the bones without any interference whatsoever with the connective tissues. Periodontal disease is caused by a bacterium called plaque which attaches on the teeth surface. They produce some toxins the affect both the gums and its supporting tissues. If left for periods of up to two days, it hardens into a substance called tartar which then causes infection and inflammation of the gums, that is usually painless and can easily go unnoticed (http://www. emedicinehealth. com/periodontal_gum_disease/page2_em. htm# Periodontal%20(Gum)%20Disease%20Causes). Methods of Diagnosis of Periodontal Disease and their Impact During the diagnosis of periodontal disease, the qualified doctors do look at different parameters and are guided by some simple basic steps: He/She first seeks to know the medical history of the patient so as to know any present or past problems associated with the disease or any underlying infections that might be the contributing factor to the disease, and if the patient is under any medications. The doctor may also opt to inquire about the general home dental care quality. The doctor then proceeds to the part of physical examination where he inspects the gum for any abnormalities like redness and puffiness. This is then followed with periodic screening and recording, otherwise referred to as PSR, which helps to ascertain the severity of the infection after which the teeth movement is observed. Any movement shows loss of bone support. Finally, x-rays are carried out so as to see the structure of the bone supporting the teeth. In the modern times however, technological advances has not left behind the medical practitioners. The developments that have been experienced in the dental radiography have been on conventional radiography transmission that narrows down to the capture, enhancement, and analyses of images. This stands to correct the errors that were being committed by the human beings by their visual perception. These technologies therefore help in the improvement of the diagnosis, enhance the treatment procedures as well as streamlining of the transfer, storage and the retrieval of information. They also help provide backup to the data of the patient in case any unforeseen catastrophe like fire occurs. Over the years, focus has shifted to the use of subtraction radiography which helps to recognize any slight differences in terms of the densities and volumes of the bones over a period of time (Grondahl and Grondahl, 1983). This has been made possible due to the available digital imaging technology (Grondahl et al, 1983). When using this technology and for the results not to show any differences in the registration, the projection geometries need to be identical. Methods have also been developed that aim at reconstructing the images that do posses arbitrary geometric projections into projection geometry of the reference image (Dunn and Van der Stelt, 1992; Ruttimann et al, 1986; and Van der Stelt et al, 1989). Also, in hi report, they reported that some measurements of up to 16 mm translation errors with 160 angulation’s errors. It thus looked promising for the creation of important image pairs to be used in the subtractions radiology. Also, in 1986, Webber and Ohki et al (1988) found out about the use of software based, otherwise called â€Å"digital gamma correction†, as a corrective measure to the gray level image distribution which was a one major disadvantage of the subtraction radiography. Further improvement in technology helped make it possible to detect any changes in the density of the bones: using a calibration wedge whose attenuation properties are known, the density differences that are measured are changed into estimation volumes differences. Either hydroxyapatite or aluminum is used in this case due to the fact that their radiation attenuation positively compares to that of the bones in characteristics. When these anatomical abnormalities and other details as expressed on the radiographic images can be shown mathematically, then one can easily develop the computer algorithms which then will be able to automatically interpret the radiographs (Ruttimann et al.. , 1985; Van der Stelt et al.. , 1985; Benn, 1991). These procedures that are performed by the computers may be of great value to the medical practitioners in making their decisions since they add extra information to the assessment of the practitioners (Van der Stelt and Geraets, 1991).

Nestle Australia Is Food And Drink Products Supplier Marketing Essay

Nestle Australia Is Food And Drink Products Supplier Marketing Essay 1- Introduction Launched in 1867, Nestle Australia Ltd is a supplier of food and drink products. It also provides a wide range of dairy milk products, noodles in many flavors, chocolate, frozen meals and coffees. Besides, it provides a variety of cold and hot drinks, light ice-creams and a variety of confectionery and bakery items. Nowadays, Nestle Australia offers catering services to cafes, restaurants, hotels and clubs. Other products that we will put a spot-on in this report are yogurts, fruit yogurts, and flavored milk and yogurts. Nestlà ©s brands include Kit Kat, Nescafe, Nestea, Ortega and Crunch. Nestle provides also pets foods such as Purina. The company launched a joint venture with General Mills in more than 80 countries. (One Source, 2009) History At the beginning Henri Nestle has developed milk for babies who are unable to drink and to feed from their mothers, after five years this product was sold around the world as a food for babies and old people. In 1906, Australian market became the second largest market for Nestle and was served by many of retailers and sales agents. The best achievement in Australian market was in 1934 by the invention of new product MILO. (Nestle, 2009) Nowadays, this product is sold in more than 30 countries with sales of more than half Billion Australian dollar. In 1999, Nestlà ©s head office in Sydney became the headquarter for Oceania region which includes Australia, New Zealand and Pacific islands. Principles and Values In the whole life of Nestle (135 years), Nestlà ©s basic approach to business was the foundation and the maintenance of long term values for consumers, shareholders, employees, society and community as a whole. Nestlà ©s major principal is to maintain a long term business improvement and development. (Nestle, 2009). Nestles major values are the following: Long term development Long term relationships Integration and reacting with different cultures The identification that customers earn information about the company besides the product that they bought Ethical values are basic requirements for our employees and senior line managers These values and principles have been translated into more than forty languages around the world, and it is must that all Nestles mangers should recognize and apply these values in their career lives, and these values are given by training to the new employees. Nestle Australia Nestle also is participating in the Oceanias community which is identified by its mixture and diversity of economic conditions, cultures, believes and tastes. We became a vital part in the community in which we activate as an employer and as a supplier to the local area. Besides, we were the leaders in many issues such as people health and environmental protection. As the largest food and beverage company in the world, we believe that we have a responsibility to customers and we are taking this responsibility seriously. We believe that people should live in a healthy style by doing sports, we are sponsoring many sports events and we are always encouraging people to get active. In addition, through our agreement with the Australian Institute of Sport, we are improving children to get their knowledge and to understand nutrition. Mission Statement When you read Nestles mission statement the following words jump to your mind: Research, good food, health and wellness. Our products bring to consumers the best tastes and pleasures. Research is the masterpiece of Nestles heritage and an important element for our companys future. We still know that there is some mysterious information about health and wellness had not been discovered yet, that is the reason that we are still searching for answers to bring Good Food for Good life. (Research. Nestle, 2009). Nestle Worldwide Today, with more than 480 factories and 265,000 employees in 87 countries in all over the world: Americas, Africa, Middle East, Europe and Australasia, Nestle is considered as the largest food and Beverage Company all over the world. Nestle Oceania in Australia, New Zealand and the pacific island is hiring more than 5,500 employees, with more than 20 factories and four distribution centers owned and managed by the company. Due to Nestlà ©s multinational reputation, and despite the tough market conditions not only in Australia but worldwide, and due to Nestlà ©s convenient place in Sydney and due to the high qualified employees and the brilliant companys strategy, Nestle dad been ranked number one among all food suppliers in Australian market in 2008 (Nielsen Report, 2008). In 2008, for Ice-cream, yoghurt and coffees categories, Nestlà ©s sales volume was more than AU$200m for each category. 5% Employees Turnover Rate More than 6,000 Brands and 10,000 Products More than 480 Factories in 87 Countries Over than 265,000 Employees Annual Sales more than 103 A$ billion World Leading Food and Beverage Company Nestle Figure1, Nestle Worldwide. Source: Nestle, Australia, 2009. 2- Situation Analysis 2.1- Internal Analysis Nestle Australia is considering the market leader in food and beverage sector in Australian market with overall sales more than , involved in more than 20 industries such as: Chocolates, yoghurts, ice cream, milk, dairy deserts coffee , confectionery and frozen meals. Nestle Australia has launched more than one hundred brands; Coffee Mate, Nescafe, Uncle Tobys, Nesquik, Maggi, Drumstick, Quality Street and Peters are only examples of Nestlà ©s brands in Australian market. Referring to Nielsons 2008 report, Nestle was ranking high among its competitors in ice cream, milk and yogurt fields which could be a very good indicator for launching our new product that we will discuss later in our marketing plan. Referring to the Retail Australias 2009 grocery magazine we will find the following: For Chilled Diary category, Nestle value share was about 14.2% in 2008 comparing by 16.8% for the previous year. For Dairy Desserts Category, Nestle value share was 25.2% comparing by 25.3% for the previous year For Chilled Diary category, Nestle value share was about 14.2% in 2008 comparing by 16.8% for the previous year. For Yoghurt category, Nestle value share was 11.8% in 2008 comparing by 15.8% for the year above. For Drinking Yoghurt, Nestle is not involved in this market yet, only the following companies are in this market : Yakult, Jalna , Bulla and some other small companies. As an overall trend, we could realize some declination for Nestlà ©s volume trend in some industries and categories. This decrease was a natural impact of the huge affect of the global financial crisis as we will describe in the next chapter .Due to this crisis, customers might buy some products instead of Nestlà ©s ones or they might even reducing their purchases for some items. 2.2- Macro Environmental Analysis (PEST Analysis) Economic After several years of flourish and high economic growth, The Australian economy suffered a lot in 2008, due to the huge effects of the economic global financial crisis. Australians GDP is declined; a reduction in job vacancies and a high rate of inflation, all these indicators could lead to an increasing in food and beverages prices See figures 2 3 for Australias GDP and Unemployment Rate in 2007, 2008 and Jun 2009. (GDP growth reached 2.7% in Jun 2008 comparing by 4.3% in Jun 2007) Figure2 Australias Unemployment Rate- Source: ABS, 2009 Figure3: Australias GDP Growth rate- Source: ABS, 2009 Social Despite the lack of confidence for Australian consumers, Australia becomes one of the most optimistic countries, as in 2008, Australia was ranking as one of the most confident countries all over the world with an index score 104, 20 points higher than the world average.. (Nielsen, 2008). Generally Retail growth in 2008, 2009 stays slow, and consumers became more carefully with their money, they spend more money for dining at- home like buying foods and drinks from supermarkets and they spend less money for out of home activities like cafes, restaurant and take-away shops. Despite the fact that supermarkets gained a good share with this new customers philosophy, total grocery sales have been declined in 2008. (Nielsen, 2008). The total retail sales growth reached 5.9% in august 2008 comparing by 7.5% for the same month in 2007. Comparing by 2007, the businesses such as cafes restaurants and takeaway Foods, had recorded the largest drop in turnover of 6.4%. One expectation of these supermarkets is Aldi. Customers preferred to go to Aldi due to the good prices in addition to the good quality there. Aldi, with share reaching more than 22% , had took many dollars away from huge chain supermarkets. Politics This part indicates legal and political situation in Australia. It includes: Taxation for raw materials bought overseas, employment laws, environmental regulations, political stability and competition regulations. . In my opinion, no other politics issues would affect the launching of our new product due to the currently stable politic situation that Australia is facing now, i.e. there is no war, no revolution or even no elections are affecting Australia at this moment Technological Besides the innovation and application of new technology such as the RFID (The Radio Frequency Identification) , the increase in price of raw materials and other supply chain costs could affect the launching of our new product. 2.3 Micro Analysis The Market If we take an overall view on grocery market last year. Referring to the 2008 Nielsen report we will realize these important following items: -An overall declining trend in grocery market, with sales growth 5.9% comparing by 7.5% as we mentioned before, which is a normal consequences due to the new situation; consumers tightening their belts -.Drinks and confectionery are only the two sectors that have achieved an increase in growth for 2008, with 3.3% and 7.5% respectively. -The largest growth achieved was in dairy sector by increasing more than 7.6%. The most important sector in this report is the Chilled Diary , since our new product( which we will discuss it in this chapter) is a sub category for the Chilled Diary part. In 2008, and despite the financial crisis, this sector achieved an AU$996.5m grocery value with an increase of 3.5% comparing by 2007. This indicator could be a high motivation for Nestle to increase its market share in this category (See Figure 4 5) Figures 4 5 : Australias Chilled Diary Market Corporate % Shares for 2008 2007 . Source: Australias grocery magazine, 2009. Referring to the above data, we could recognize that there is a large advantage for Nestle to increase the profit by investing in confectionery or drinks sectors, especially in dairies products. The Product Our new product would be categorized under the Drinking Yoghurts category. (We will discuss the product briefly in the next two chapters). The Drinking Yoghurts value market in 2008 reached a A$52.3m with an increase of 5.5% comparing by 2007. This market contains only 3 major companies; Yakult with 67.7% value share (The market leader in this category) Jalna with 10.6% value share Bulla with 4% value share And Private Label with 16.8% value share. Figure 7, Australias Drinking Yoghurt Market Corporate % Shares 2008 Source: Australias grocery magazine, 2009 After all the above reasons, we could conclude that there is a big opportunity for Nestle to enter this market and it would obtain a very competitive position among the other competitors. Target Market and Market Size In this market plan we will focus on: children, youths and adults which are the majority of Australian population. We will concentrate on both genders male and female and our market will be in the whole Australia and not in a specific city. Australias population at the beginning of 2009 was 21,644,000 persons. The children aged population (0-14 years) was about 19.8% of the total population and the working age population was about 67.4% (15-64 years) of the total population. (OECD Fact book, 2008). However, in our market plan, we will exclude the: 0-4 and 40-65 years population which means that we will try to attract from 50-60% of Australias population. Undoubtedly, some of the 40-65 years population would use our product. However, they will not be potential customers as the mentioned ones. 2.4. S.W.O.T. Analysis -Strengths Market Leader in the industry Good quality image and high brand awareness A high growth rate in the desired market A huge product lines Parent Support An international team working behind the plans achievement A very-well trained employees in all companys department A supply chain management to serve the whole country Weakness New market forNestle Unstable economic conditions: Decline in GDP growth rate and high inflation and unemployment rate. Customers are tightening their belts Exciting competitors Opportunities A huge market size An identified target market No large multinational size competitors Increase in sales and profits Increase in total Australias market share Increase in product line An opportunity to export the product to many countries around the world Threats Segments are shared by competitors Uncertain circumstances could affect our sales Misunderstanding of the product Poor advertising campaign due to the market conditions An unexpected drop in the confectionery and drinks markets. 3-Product Launch The product launch is the most important part of this market plan. As we discussed in the previous chapter, we are going to launch a drinking yoghurt product. So why did we choose this product specifically? If we take a quick view on Nestle share value in yoghurt and chilled diary industry we would realize the following: In Chilled Diary category, Nestle value share was about 14.2% in 2008 comparing by 16.8% for the previous year. In Yoghurt category, Nestle value share was 11.8% in 2008 comparing by 15.8% for the year above. It is very easy to recognize that Nestle is facing a problem in these above sectors for the last year. We all know that all companies now are facing financial problems and markets are unstable and nowadays many customers are tightening their belts. However, these two markets had an increase in their value rate for the last year with 3.5% value increase for Chilled Diaries and 5.9% increase for yoghurt products comparing by 2007. (Australias Grocery Magazine, 2009) Also, referring to the Australias Grocery Magazine, some of Nestlà ©s competitors such as Diary framers had achieved an increase in value share According to the above, Nestle is facing a small problem in this market, so how to solve this problem? The answer is including many possibilities. We could reduce our prices, we could increase our market share by an increase in production, and we could modify our advertising and promotion activities. In addition, there is another plan. We could enlarge our share in Chilled Diary category by launching a new product in a subcategory which is the Drinking Yoghurts. If we achieve this plan we could gain a higher market share, increase our sales and profits, enter a new market segment and finally we will gain new customers. The Drinking Yoghurt market is facing a good condition these days; by an increasing 5.5% in value share in 2008 with a grocery value reached more than AU$50m , which means that this market is gaining new customers day by day and despite the unstable market situation, the drinking yoghurt market is in a developing trend. Nestle is already producing chilled diaries, yoghurts and fruit yoghurts so many product lines are ready for the launching of the new product. Also, Nestle is already gaining a high-ranking in the grocery market, therefore all shipping, transportation, supply chain, deliver products to supermarkets could be handled easily. Yoogo would be the brand name of our new product. We will launch the product at the beginning with three flavors; Yoogo Mango, Yoogo Strawberry and Yoogo Apricot. After three years of market and sales observation, we will launch a new Light Yoogo, which will be Fat Free drinking yoghurt for people who care more about their health and lifestyle. Yoogos ingredients could contain the following: Milk, Skim Milk, Fruit Preparation; mango or strawberry or apricot, and approved flavors and colors. Undoubtedly, Yoogo would face a high competition when it enters the market. ( We will discuss this later in the next two chapters). However , the main competitive brands would be yakult with 67.7% and Jalna with only 10.6% value shares in 2008. (Australias Grocery magazine, 2008). However, Nestle could produce the product and gain a high position among these brands. (We will discuss this later in the next two chapters). 4-Market Strategy Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning To gain a desirable position among all competitors in customers minds, we will segment our market on two bases: -Demographic Segmentation Geographic Segmentation Demographic Segmentation We are targeting customers depending on their ages. As we mentioned before, we will focus on: children, youths and adults which are the majority of Australian population, we will exclude the: 0-4 and 40-65 years population which means that we will try to attract from 50-60% of Australias population. This is a very huge segment as we are focusing on more than half of the countrys population. Furthermore, we believe that any of these segmented people, with any sex, income, occupation would use our product as it is not a luxury product using by specific customers. Undoubtedly, we will vary our advertising campaign for each generation, i.e. the advertising campaign for children will be different than the youths one. Otherwise, we will make a small bottle for children (150 ml) and a large one for adults (300ml). Geographic Segmentation We will divide Australia as geographically basis to zones and each distributor would be responsible for each zone. E.g. We will divide Australia to five zones: Vic, NSW, WA, SA and Queensland Each company when launching a new product desires a high profit margin, large sales volume, high growth rate. However, we will concentrate more in achieving a long-run high profit and sales instead of the short-run ones. We believe that there are some requirements for effective segmentation: Measurability, Accessibility, Substantiality and Actionability. (Kotler et al, 2007) Our team will work hard to meet all of these requirements We consider that we will face a huge competition and we will face also the threat of substitute products. However, we will do our best to cover our market targeting by maximum three years and to be the market leader for this category in maximum five years. Our plan is to gain more than 55% of supermarket shelves in five years. We realize that this is a very hard mission, but we will try to achieve it by three main steps: Understanding our marketing segments- Maintaining an advertising and promotion plans- -Launching Yoogo with a reasonable price according to the company and according to our consumers.(we will discuss the price part later in Marketing Mix Strategy) Also, we will try to gain a competitive position in customers minds based on the following two concepts: Nestle Family Brand The Nestle family brand is showing care and safety to consumers and this is a very good reason to attract the customer. Communication Due to Nestlà ©s brand name, it is very easy to be in touch.with our customers 5-Marketing Mix strategy: Product Our product is a Fruit drinking Yoghurt with three flavors; Mango, Strawberry and Apricot. We will make two sizes, 150 and 300 ml. The gradients would be described as following: Milk, Skim Milk, Fruit Preparation; mango or strawberry or apricot, and approved flavors and colors (We had discussed the product more briefly in chapter 3) Price In launching this product we could use one of these two pricing methods: Cost- based pricing: Calculating the price by adding a mark-up to the cost of the product. (Kotler et al, 2007) Going-rate pricing: Calculating the price basis on competitors prices, with less attention to our cost or to the market demand. (Kotler et al, 2007) Value-based pricing: Calculating the price basis on buyers perception of value, with less attention to the sellers cost. (Kotler et al, 2007). In Nestle, we use the cost-based pricing method: Unit cost = variable cost + (unit fixed cost à · unit sales) Unit price= unit cost à · (1- desired return on sales) We determine our prices basis of the following objectives: Profit: For any company the most important issue is the profit earning, however, as we are launching a new product, we do believe that we will not gain a high profit margin at least for the first three years Consumer Satisfaction: The most essential factor when determining the price is our customers satisfaction towards our products and prices. Place We will divide Australia to 5 zones; Victoria, NSW, SA, WA, and Queensland. However, we will try to promote Yoogo everywhere, in every small and large city in Australia. Customers will find Yoogo in hypermarkets such as Coles, Woolworths and Aldi, in medium size supermarkets such as IGA and even in small supermarkets such as Seven Eleven. Customers would find Yoogo in cafes, restaurants, hotels cinemas and beaches. In addition, Yoogo is a healthy fruity drink, so you can find it also at hospitals. This plan is a little bit hard to be achieved. However, with the well-established supply chain management in Nestle and with the very good relationships with suppliers, retailers and resellers, we could achieve this plan within maximum three years. Promotion Promotion is the activities that represent the value of the product and encourage customers to buy it. In our marketing campaign and promotion we will tray to reach every body every where. We will do advertising campaigns in newspapers, radio, streets and television. Seeing that the survey research is the most widely method for collecting primary data, before launching the product we will perform a marketing survey research; we will go to clubs, streets and schools. Also, we will implement an online marketing research to collect primary data through online focus groups, using the integration of animation such as; audio, video and virtual environment would help us to overcome any limitations. We will try to select a sample of the population that has been selected, ask those questions about the product and the company and depending on the results of this research, we will implement our advertising campaign. We will support our promotion campaign basis on these four methods: A-Individual Selling: In this campaign, we will implement a direct selling activity especially during the summer months of November, December, January and February. Our team will go to club and beaches to meet our target segments there, they will wear t-shirts and caps with Nestle and Yoogos logos, and they will sell our Yoogos 150 ml bottle. By applying this innovative idea, we hope that our brand will get a great vision in terms of image, sales and brand awareness. B-Sales Promotion: Besides personnel selling, we will implement some sales promotion plans. At the beginning of the product launching, we will go to streets and malls, we will offer free 150ml trial bottles to customers, we will encourage them to try our product and to give us their feedback by email or even by phone. In addition, we will offer a 150ml bottle free with the purchasing of three 300ml bottles. Adding to this trade promotion, we will give the retailer an addition discount 5% during our sales promotion. Our marketing team will implement a major healthy and education campaign about the importance of the product, our team will focus on the concept that our product is a healthy one. Invitations would be sent to parents of school children to attend these seminars. This could help us to improve our brands image in consumers minds. C-Public Relations: Public relation is one of the most important factors in all multinational companies promotions. Every year, Nestle is launching its annual report containing information for shareholders and stockholders. In addition, a large amount of information regarding our product and our promotion would be found in newsletters and magazines issued by Nestle Australia. This promotion would obviously lend a hand in formation of the awareness of our brand.

Basic Structures Of Ferrous Metals

Basic Structures Of Ferrous Metals Ferrous metals is mainly based on iron-carbon alloy with the combination of other alloys such as plain carbon steels, alloy, tools steels, stainless steels and cast iron. Alloys having iron with a valance of +2 are known as ferrous; those alloys which have iron with a valence of +3 are called as ferric. Ferrous metals or alloys are metals that contain the element iron in it. Depending on the end of use, metals can be simply cast into the finished part or cast into an intermediate form, such as an ingot, then worked, wrought by rolling, or processed by forging, extruding or another deformation process. All ferrous metals are magnetic. They contain a small quantity of other metals in order to give the correct properties. Manipulation of atom-to-atom relationships between iron, carbon and various alloying elements establishes the specific properties of ferrous metals. As atoms transform from one specific arrangement, or crystalline lattice, to another its gives good mechanical propertie s. Pure iron: It is also called as Pure Ferrite. The carbon content is calculated. From 0 to 0.5%.It has the BCC structure when it is in room temperature. Also known as Alpha iron. Plain Carbon Steel: Consists of iron containing small amounts of carbon. The carbon content can vary from 0.008% to approximately 2.0%. Low- Alloy steel: Steel containing alloy additions which usually do not exceed a total about 10% are referred to allow-alloy steels Ultra-High-Strength steel: Steel capable of developing yield strength greater than about 1104 Mpa are considered ultra-high-strength alloys. Medium-carbon low-alloy steel: These alloys consists of grades such as 4130,4330 and 4340, which can be quenched and tempered to yield strengths on the order of 1725 Mpa Maraging steel: This class of steel consists basically of extra-low-carbon (less than 0.3%) iron-based alloys to which a high percentage of nickel has been added. Corrosion-Resistant (stainless) steel: Stainless steel may be divided into four categories: ferritic, martencitic, austenitic, and age-hardenable. Ferritic stainless Steels: This group of stainless steel contains between 11.5 and 27% chromium as the only major alloying element in addition to a maximum of 0.25% carbon Martensitic stainless steels: This type of stainless steel is also primarily chromium steel, but in contrast to the ferritic group, consists enough carbon to produce martensite by quenching 0.15 and 0.75% carbons. Austenitic stainless steels: This Stainless Steel is alloyed to the extent that they remain austenitic at low temperatures. The principal alloying elements added to the chromium and nickel, generally totaling than 23% Precipitation-hardening stainless steels: The last class of stainless steel we will discuss depends on precipitation hardening for the optimum development of properties. Very high strength together with corrosion resistance Cast iron: Cast irons are iron-carbon-silicon alloys. More than 2% of carbon Grey cast-iron: Also known as graphite cast iron. They depend on the distribution size and amount of the graphite flakes and matrix structure. Spheroid graphite cast-iron: Also known as Ductile or nodular iron. It has high modulus of elasticity. Austempered Ductile iron: Recent addition to cast iron family, outstanding combination of high strength, toughness, wears resistance. Compacted cast iron: Referred as vermicular iron. Consists of 80% graphite and 20% spherodial graphite Malleable Cast iron: Carbons present as an irregular shaped nodules of graphite. Also classified as white heart malleable cast iron. Blackheart malleable cast iron.Pearlitie malleable cast iron Austentic carbon: They are high alloy cast iron. Mainly nickel in which carbon is present List of advantages These are materials with high specific strengths when compared with weight that is high strength to weight ratio. High quality materials exist in abundant quantities within earth’s crust and are readily available worldwide in various certificate grades. It increases the speed of construction in the field of civil engineering. Versatility;steel suits range of construction methods sequences. Modification repair can be easily done with left effort. Recycling can be done easily. Durability of these materials are very high Aesthetics;steel has a broad architectural possibilities Limitation of the material in engineering applications: The principal limitation of many ferrous alloys is their susceptibility to corrosion Costly waste as scrap High cost of final finishing polishing Environmental issuebecause of improper disposal Ferrous metals get rusted easily (oxidize) unless protected eg. with oil b) Non-ferrous metal Non-ferrous metals are metals other than iron and they do not contain an appreciable amount of iron in them. Non-ferrous metals are aluminum, magnesium, titanium alloys, copper, zinc and miscellaneous alloys like nickel, in, lead, zinc as base metals. The precious metals silver, gold and platinum are also coming under non-ferrous group. Non ferrous metals are alloys which are non magnetic. Non ferrous metals: Aluminum: Abundant element of 8% on earth crust and normally found in Oxide forms (Al2O3), i.e., bauxite, kaolinite, nepheline and alunite Aluminum base alloys: Aluminum is used in its commercially pure state as well as in its many alloy forms. The heat –treatable types have the advantage of being relatively easy to fabricate in their soft condition, after which they are heat treated to develop their higher strengths. Copper- base alloys: Copper is seldom industrially employed in its pure state. Copper has its most value when alloyed with other elements. It dissolves with elements such as tin, zinc, and silver in rather wide proportions. Magnesium – base alloys: Magnesium are noted for their lightness. The specific gravity of magnesium is 0.064 lb per cu.; in comparison, aluminum, steel, and titanium are 0.09, 0.28, and 0.16 lb per cu., respectively. Magnesium alloys lend themselves to welding and filler are protected by an inert gas. They are relatively easy to cast by most foundry methods, particularly die casting. Nickel –base alloys: Nickel is one of the oldest metals known to man. Currently this metal is almost indispensable in the alloying of steels to confer toughness, uniformity of hardness, and good workability; and as a basic alloy to resist high corrosion and high temperatures Lead-Tin alloys: The principal lead –tin alloys consist of solders and bearing materials. The 70% tin -30% lead solder is used mainly in the joining and coating of metals. The 63% tin-37% lead is a eutectic type solder developed primarily for making electrical joints. Zinc-base alloys: Zinc base alloys predominate as die casting materials. These alloys have high cast ability and favorable mechanical and chemical properties. Zinc base alloys can be cast in the range 750-800  º F, and, therefore, have a low –temperature advantage over other alloys Less common metals and alloys: Titanium and its alloys: Because of their high strength- weight ratio, titanium and its alloys have received a great amount of attention from the aircraft and missiles industries. Molybdenum: This element has long been known for its ability to confer the property of high temperature stability to steels. Zirconium: Zirconium metal has a density of 0.24 lb per cu in. And a melting point of 3355 ºF. The metal has fair tensile strength, depending somewhat upon its method of manufacture. It fabricates similar to titanium, and it’s eminently suited to the resistance to corrosion. List of advantages Non ferrous metal do not corrode (aluminum for example) High thermal conductivity High electrical conductivity Non ferrous metals have relatively high density Nonmagnetic properties Higher melting points Resistance to chemical They are also specified for electrical applications They are comparatively low in electrical conductivity Non ferrous have inherent susceptibility to corrosion in some common environment Non ferrous metals are usually light weight but ferrous metals are heavier Limitation of the material in engineering applications They are not as strong as carbon steel (ferrous metal). Non ferrous metals are typically not used in structural applications. Non ferrous metals are usually more expensive by the pound than are ferrous metals. Low tensile strength but excellent specific strength. They don’t show ductile to brittle transition in low temperature. c) Polymers: Compounds that are formed by the joining of smaller layers, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds are called polymer. A polymer is a large molecule consists of repeating structural units connected by covalent bonds. Polymer in popular used as plastic; the term polymer refers to a large category of natural and synthetic materials with a wide spectrum of properties. Natural polymers are those which come from plants and animals have been used for many centuries; these materials include wood, rubber, cotton, wool, leather, and silk. Other polymers such as proteins, enzymes, starches, and cellulose are important in biological and physiological processes in plants and animals. The backbone of a polymer used for the preparation of plastics consists mainly of carbon atoms. Polymer in popular used as plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a wide variety of properties Polymers: Polymers are classified into several ways, by how the molecules are synthesized, by their molecular structure, or by their chemical family. Linear polymer Any polymer in which molecules are in the form of spaghetti-like chains. Thermoplastics Linear or branched polymers in which chains of molecules are not interconnected to one another. Thermosetting polymers Polymers that are heavily cross-linked to produce a strong three dimensional network structure. Elastomers These are polymers (thermoplastics or lightly cross-linked thermo sets) that have an elastic deformation > 200%. Polymers are classified into three main categories; Thermoplastics: Branched polymer Any polymer consisting of chains that consist of a main chain and secondary chains that branch off from the main chain. Crystalline is important in polymers since it affects mechanical and optical properties. Tacticity Describes the location in the polymer chain of atoms or atom groups in nonsymmetrical monomers. Liquid-crystalline polymers Exceptionally stiff polymer chains that act as rigid rods, even above their melting point. Elastomers (Rubbers): Geometric isomer: A molecule that has the same composition as, but a structure different from, a second molecule. Diene: A group of monomers that contain two double-covalent bonds. These monomers are often used in producing elastomers. Cross-linking: Attaching chains of polymers together to produce a three-dimensional network polymer. Vulcanization: Cross-linking elastomer chains by introducing sulfur or other chemicals. List of advantages Polymers are ultra durable Flexible doesnt rust slow to degrade They can be molded into virtually any shape conceivable can be custom colored in the production stage Polymers are recyclable quite a good electrical insulator and has a low dielectric constant The biggest advantage for PP is its low cost It also has a flexibility in cold whether with ultraviolet stability can be easily repaired from mechanical damage with simple field tools Limitation of the material in engineering applications In the production stage, polymers are susceptible to contamination The least bit of dirt or cross-contamination w/other polymers, and at best the end product is corrupt, at worst the polymers are rendered useless Any variances in heat and timing in the molding process and, again, the final product will be corrupt or useless. lower melting point flammability Elevated temperatures will make any crystalline more isotropic non bio-degradable easily breakable when polymers incorporated with additives are burnt they emit a lot of poisonous gases into the atmosphere improper disposal leads to environmental pollution undergo oxidation and ozonation easily d) ceramics: These are materials that are produced when two materials are joined together to give a combination of properties that cannot be achieved in the original state. Ceramics can be divided into two classes: advanced and traditional. Advanced ceramics consist of carbides, pure oxides, nitrides, non-silicate glasses and many others; while Traditional ceramics include clay products, silicate glass and cement. A ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic solid prepared by the action of heat and subsequent cooling. Ceramic materials may have a crystalline or partly crystalline structure, or may be amorphous. Agglomerated materials: Concrete: This is one of the oldest agglomerated composite materials to be used for engineering construction, and consists of a mixture aggregate and sand bonded together by the hydrated silicate the gel formed when the Portland cement â€Å"sets† with water. Ratio of aggregate, sand and cement: A very common mix consists of 4parts aggregate, 2parts sand and 1 part cement powder. The water-cement ratio: The water added to the concrete is used in the hydration of the cement itself, and any water in excess of the amount required for setting reactions has a weakening effect upon the concrete. The nature of the aggregate and sand: The bond between the hydrated cement and the aggregate and sand is improved if the both the aggregate and sand are sharp-cornered rather than rounded. Strong fine-grained igneous rocks like basalt, dolerite, and quantize are commonly used for concrete aggregate, the size of which varies with the size of the job. Mixing and laying: Under-or over-mixing gives a poor concrete, and the method of lying is of the utmost importance. Concrete vibrated into place is always stronger than concrete poured and hand-screwed Curing time: The hardening of cement occurs over a considerable length of time and it is important to prevent the evaporation of moisture .during the initial stages. Concrete is often covered with wet sand or bags for seven days to prevent the evaporation of moisture, and concrete cured under water after taking its initial set achieves its maximum strength. Asphalt paving: This is composite in which rock aggregate is bounded by viscous asphalt: it is used extensively for road surfacing. The material is not as rigid as concrete, this being an advantage for road construction. Cermets: These are agglomerates that consist of combinations of metal and ceramics, the metal acting as the binder. Cermets are made using the techniques of powder metallurgy, the sintering temperature usually being above the melting point of the metal powder. Laminates: Many different types of laminated materials are made of different applications, the mild-steel-stainless combination being a good example of a modern metal-to-metal laminate. Plywood: This is made by bonding together an odd number of sheets of wood veneer so that the grain directions of alternate sheets are perpendicular to each other. Laminated plastic sheet: This is usually made from sheet of paper or cloth and a suitable thermosetting resin. The paper or cloth passes or cloth passes through a tank containing the resin solution, between rollers that squeeze out the excess resin, and then through a drying oven in which excess solvents are removed and the resin is partially cured. Reinforced Materials: It forms the biggest and most important group of composite materials, the purpose of reinforcement always being the improvement of strength properties. Reinforcement may involve the use of a dispersed phase, or strong fiber, thread, or rod Reinforced concrete: This is the most widely used of all construction materials, since it is not only comparatively easy to place into position and finish, but is also maintenance free during its service life. Glass-fiber reinforced plastics: These combine the strength of glass fiber with the shock resistance and formability of a plastic. The usual types of reinforcement are the chopped strand mat and the woven fabric, the latter giving increased strength to the composite. List of advantages They are harder and stiffer than steel more heat and corrosion resistant than metals or polymers less dense than most metals and their alloys plentiful and inexpensive doesn’t conduct electricity Ceramics are used in the manufacture of knives. The blade of the ceramic knife will stay sharp for much longer than that of a steel knife, although it is more brittle and can be snapped by dropping it on a hard surface Ceramic engines are made of lighter materials and do not require a cooling system and hence allow a major weight reduction Ceramics are also more chemically resistant and can be used in wet environments where steel bearings would rust High-tech ceramic is used in watch making for producing watch cases scratch-resistance In very high speed applications, heat from friction during rolling can cause problems for metal bearings; problems which are reduced by the use of ceramics Durability and smooth touch. ceramic materials may be used as bone replacements Limitation of the material in engineering applications The main disadvantage of medical ceramic materials is their fragility The ceramic materials cannot deform under the stress, as can do plastics and metals Ceramics do not perform well with tension or tensional loads. A hard, brittle material that can withstand high temperatures and resist corrosion Ceramics cannot be joined (and repaired) by welding. The other disadvantage is that ceramics are strong in compression, but weak in tension Ceramics dont bend much, and when they break, instead of slowly pulling apart the way metals will, they generally snap they have a tendency to shatter when something hits them hard Q-2 An overview of the engineering properties and behavior of ferrous metals, Non-ferrous metals, polymers composites, and ceramics a) Ferrous metals. Pure iron: Easily weld able, good corrosion resistance, effective electrical conductivity. Used in iron rods Plain Carbon Steel: Expensive, soft and weak, easily weld able, good ductility, Good toughness. Used in hammers, chisels, a drill, knives, wire and dies for all purposes. Low- Alloy steel: Machinable, ductility of more, than 25%. Used in transportation, agriculture, construction, and military applications. Ultra-High-Strength steel: Ductile, Formable, and Machinable. Has higher strength that other steel. Mainly used in Bridges, towers, and pressure vessels. Medium-carbon low-alloy steel: Has low Harden ability. Used in rocket motor cases, aircraft components, including bolts, pins, main landing gears, and brake housings, and a wide variety of structural and machinery parts. Ferritic stainless Steels: Good resistant to wear and tear, highly ductile. Tensile strength – 380Mpa, Yield strength 205Mpa, Ductility 20%, High tensile strength. Good corrosion resistant. Used in furnace parts, boiler baffles, kiln linings, stack dampers, chemical processing equipment, automobile trim, catalytic converters, and decorative purposes in general. Martensitic stainless steels: Tensile strength 485Mpa, Yield strength 275Mpa. Used in cutlery, surgical instruments, valves, turboine parts, pump parts, and oil well equipment. Austenitic stainless steels: Outstanding resistance too many types of corrosion and erosion. Superior cast ability, Good mach inability, and Tensile strength 515Mpa, and Yield strength 170Mpa. Used in decorative purposes, interior show cases, automobile trim, aircraft is fitting, food handling. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels: Very high strength towards corrosion and resistance. Used for aircraft parts, nuclear reactor components, landing gear parts, high-performance shafting and petrochemical applications requiring stress corrosion resistance. Grey cast-iron: Ease of melting and casting process. Air-cooled cylinders clutch housing clutch plates. Spheroid graphite castiron: Modulus of elasticity, Wear resistance, excellent machinability, High thermal conductivity, Outstanding cast ability. Austempered Ductile iron: Higher tensile strength, higher ductility, Machinability and corrosion resistance are similar to g.c iron. Automotive and agricultural products like Axle housing, brake calipers, brake cylinders. Boiler segments, conveyor frames, bulldozer parts. Compacted cast iron: Good wear resistance used in automotives and engineering applications. Used in shafts, helical gears, couplings, and conveyor rollers. Malleable Cast iron: Higher tensile strength ductility. Fatigue life impact strength. Brake drums, discs. Cylinder heads piston rings. Used in Automotive transmission parts, clutch pedals. Steering knuckle, wheel hubs. Austentic carbon: Good fatigue strength, good damping capacity. Used in pump components valves, compressors. Alloy steels have greater harden ability than plain carbon steels Alloy steel have greater harden ability than plain carbon: The difference between the two is somewhat arbitrary definition. However, most agree that while the steel alloyed with more than eight percent of its weight of other elements besides iron and carbon steel is a strong ally. Low alloy steel is slightly higher. The physical properties of these steels are modified by other factors, making them more hardness, strength, corrosion resistance or hardness compared to carbon steel. For these properties, these alloys are often heat-treated. Carbon steel is steel that does not contain significant amounts of alloying elements other than carbon. There are three major categories of carbon steel. A low-carbon steel, medium carbon and alloy. Alloy steel is a type of steel that many advantages over steel offers. It is much harder and stronger than ordinary carbon steel by. It is used in cars, trucks, cranes, bridges and other structures can handle a large number of strains The difference between the two is defined somewhat arbitrarily. However, most agree that while the steel is alloyed with more than eight per cent of its weight of other elements being next to iron and carbon steel is strong ally. low alloy steels are slightly more frequent. The physical properties of these steels are modified by other elements, giving them a greater hardness, strength, corrosion resistance, or hardness compared to carbon steel. To achieve these properties, these alloys often require heat treatment. Carbon steel is a steel which does not contain significant amounts of alloying materials other than carbon. There are three major categories of carbon steel. low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and alloy. Alloy steel is a type of steel that offers many advantages over steel. It is much harder and stronger than ordinary carbon steel by. It is used in cars, trucks, cranes, bridges and other structures to be able to handle a large number of strainsThe difference between the two is defined somewhat arbitrarily. However, most agree that while the steel is alloyed with more than eight per cent of its weight of other elements being next to iron and carbon steel is strong ally. low alloy steels are slightly more frequent. The physical properties of these steels are modified by other elements, giving them a greater hardness, strength, corrosion resistance, or hardness compared to carbon steel. To achieve these properties, these alloys often require heat treatment. Carbon steel is a steel which does not contain significant amounts of alloying materials other than carbon. There are three major categories of carbon steel. low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and alloy. alloy steel is a type of steel that offers many advantages over steel. It is much harder and stronger than ordinary carbon steel by. It is used in cars, trucks, cranes, bridges and other structures to be able to handle a large number of strainsThe difference between the two is defined somewhat arbitrarily. However, most agree that while the steel is alloyed with more than eight per cent of its weight of other elements being next to iron and carbon steel is strong ally. low alloy steels are slightly more frequent. The physical properties of these steels are modified by other elements, giving them a greater hardness, strength, corrosion resistance, or hardness compared to carbon steel. To achieve these properties, these alloys often require heat treatment. Carbon steel is a steel which does not contain significant amounts of alloying materials other than carbon. There are three major categories of carbon steel. low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and alloy. Alloy steel is a type of steel that offers many advantages over steel. It is much harder and stronger than ordinary carbon steel by. It is used in cars, trucks, cranes, bridges and other structures to be able to handle a large number of strainsThe difference between the two is defined somewhat arbitrarily. However, most agree that while the steel is alloyed with more than eight per cent of its weight of other elements being next to iron and carbon steel is strong ally. low alloy steels are slightly more frequent. The physical properties of these steels are modified by other elements, giving them a greater hardness, strength, corrosion resistance, or hardness compared to carbon steel. To achieve these properties, these alloys often require heat treatment. Carbon steel is a steel which does not contain significant amounts of alloying materials other than carbon. There are three major categories of carbon steel. low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and alloy. Alloy steel is a type of steel that offers many advantages over steel. It is much harder and stronger than ordinary carbon steel by. It is used in cars, trucks, cranes, bridges and other structures to be able to handle a large number of strainsBottom of Form b) Non ferrous alloys Aluminum: Weak and ductile, Electrical conductivity is better. High thermal conductivity, Good resistance towards corrosion. Used in Aircraft, boats, pistons and cranks. Aluminum base alloys: copper has high electrical and thermal conductivity. Tensile strength and hardness can be improved. Used in Power lines, controllers, signaling devices. Miscellaneous copper base alloys: Electrical conductivity of 60%, Good corrosion resistance, has the Hcp structure. Used in applications like Aircraft and Spacecraft. Magnesium – base alloys: Has the melting point of 1455’C. Good formability. Good Corrosion Resistance. The pure Zinc has the melting point of 419’cIt has two types of alloys; Alloy A Good ductility Alloy B- Higher effective strength. Used in Petroleum industry, Chemical industry Food processing plants, Fuel pump, optical instruments, car doors etc. Lead-Tin alloys: Excellent corrosion resistance, Good strength. Resistant to high temperatures. Some important types of alloys, alpha titanium alloys, near alpha titanium alloys, Alpha-beta titanium alloys, Beta titanium alloys. Used in Compressor blades, Engine forging and space craft’s. Differences between non-ferrous alloys in the cast vs. wrought forms Nonferrous Alloy Specified for use in electrical and electronic applications. Reduced weight Higher strength Nonmagnetic properties Higher melting points Resistance to chemical and atmospheric corrosion. A type of cutting material is relatively expensive and must be directly casted into the form. Non-ferrous cast alloy tools have largely been replaced by carbide. Wrought alloy: Solid metal that has been bent, hammered, or physically formed into a desired shape. Wrought copper alloys can be utilized in the annealed, cold-worked, stress-relieved, or hardened-by-heat-treatment conditions, depending on composition and end use. Bronzes comprise four main groups: copper-tin-phosphorus alloys (phosphor bronze) copper-tin-lead-phosphorus alloys (leaded phosphor bronze) copper-aluminum alloys (aluminum bronzes) copper-silicon alloys (silicon bronze) Wrought copper-nickel alloys, like the cast alloys, have nickel as the principal alloying element. The wrought copper-nickel-zinc alloys are known as nickel silvers because of their color. c) Polymers: Polymers are classified in various way